- •Теоретична фонетика
- •2. The articulatory classification of English consonants.
- •3. English Word Stress: notion, types, functions.
- •4/ The Syllable. Types.
- •5. Prosodic system of The English language/intonation.
- •Theoretical Grammar
- •1.General characteristics of language as a semiotic communication system. Language functions. Language and speech.
- •2. Language as a structural system. Language levels.
- •3. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations. Paradigmatic relations.
- •4. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings. The notion of grammatical category. Types of oppositions.
- •5. The noun as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •6. The verb as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the verb.
- •7. General characteristics of syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •8. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group. The Noun phrase. The Verb phrase.
- •9. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence.
- •Історія мови
- •1. Periods in the history of English. Grimm’s Law. Verner’s Law.
- •Verner’s Law.
- •2. Old English Phonology, Morphology and Syntax.
- •3. Grammatical categories of the Noun in Old English, Middle English and New English periods.
- •4. Grammatical categories of the Verb in Old English, Middle English and New English periods.
- •Main historical events of Old English and Middle English periods and their linguistic consequences.
- •Лексикологія
- •1. Etymological structure of the English vocabulary. Native and borrowed words, types of borrowings.
- •2. Latin and French borrowings in Modern English, their periodization and recognition.
- •3. Types of word meaning in English. Polysemy and its sources.
- •4. Morphological structure of a word. Immediate constituents’ analysis.
- •5. Productive ways of English word-formation: affixation, shortening, conversion, compounding.
- •7. Systemic relations in the English vocabulary. Groups of words in the lexicon. Neologisms, archaisms and international words.
- •8. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Homonyms and their classifications.
- •9. English phraseology: definition, approaches and classifications.
- •Stylistics
- •1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary word-stock three layers:
- •1) Literary, 2) neutral, 3) colloquial.
- •2. The notion of style in the language. Notion of language expressive means and stylistic devices. Convergence of stylistic devices.
- •3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.
- •5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
- •Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
- •1. Contiguity;
- •1. Likeness/similarity
Теоретична фонетика
1. The articulatory classification of English vowels. The classification of vowels is based on the following criteria:
a) stability of articulation;
b) tongue position;
c) lip position;
d) character of the vowel end;
e) length;
f) tenseness.
a) Stability of articulation specifies the actual position of the articulating organ in the process of the articulation of a vowel. There are two possible varieties:
1) The tongue position is stable.
2) It changes, that is the tongue moves from one position to another.
According to the stability of articulation vowels are subdivided into:
a) monophthongs:
b) diphthongs:
c) diphthongoids: /i:, u:/
b) The position of the tongue in the mouth cavity is characterized from two aspects, that is the horizontal and vertical movement.
According to the horizontal movement phoneticians distinguish five classes of English vowels:
1) front: /i:, e, ae, ei, eэ/
2) front retracted: /i, i(э)/
3) central: / , э:, э, eu/
4) back: /o, u:, a: o: /
5) back advanced: / u, uэ/
According to the vertical movement the following vowels are distinguished:
1) close (high):
a) narrow: /i:, u:/
b) broad: /i, u, iэ, uэ/
2) mid:
a) narrow: /e, э:, э, ei, эu/
b) broad: /э, /
3) open (low):
a) narrow: eэ, , i/
b) broad: /ae, a (i,u), o, a:/
c) Lip rounding is another feature of English vowels which is sometimes included into the principles of classification. For the purpose of classification vowels are divided into rounded and unrounded.
In English lip rounding is not relevant phonologically since no two words can be differentiated on its bases. It is a phoneme constitutive feature, because no back vowel can exist without it.
d) Character of the vowel end (checkness). This quality depends on the character of the articulatory transition from a vowel to a consonant. All English short vowels are checked when stressed. The degree of checkness may vary and depends on the following consonant. All long vowels are free. In English this characteristic has no phonological value.
e) Length.
The English monophthongs are traditionally divided into two varieties according to their length:
1) short vowels: /i, e, ae, o, u, э/
2) long vowels: / i: , a:, э:, u:/
The problem the analysts are concerned with is whether variations in quantity or length are meaningful (relevant), that is whether vowel length can be treated as a relevant feature of English vowel system.
f) Tenseness characterizes the state of the organs of speech at the moment of production of a vowel. Historically long vowels are tense while historically short vowels are lax. Tenseness may be considered as indispensable concomitant feature of English long vowels.
2. The articulatory classification of English consonants.
1)Vassilyev’s Classification (the manner of production of noise)
1) occlusive, in the production of which a complete obstruction is formed;
2) constrictive, in the production of which an incomplete obstruction is formed.
The phonological relevance of this feature could be exemplified in the following opposition: [ti:] – [si:] tea –sea (occlusive – constrictive).
Consonants |
|
Occlusive 1. noise consonants a) plosives b) affricates 2. sonorants |
Constrictive 1.noise consonants 2. sonorants a) medial b) lateral |
2)Sokolova’s classification (the degree of noise)
1) noise consonants
b) sonorants.
[beik – meik] bake – make (noise consonant – sonorant).
Consonants |
|
Noise consonants 1. occlusive 2. constrictive 3. Occlusive-constrictive |
Sonorants 1.occlusive 2.constrictive a) medial b) lateral
|
3) The place of articulation
1. labial; (a) bilabial; b) labio-dental)
2. lingual; (a) forelingual; b) mediolingual; c) backlingual)
3. glottal.
4) voiced-voiceless
5) In the English consonantal system there is the problem of affricates, that is their phonological status and their number. According to our linguistic school, there are two affricates in Modern English, [ t (тч), d3]. According to English linguistic school, there are six of them: [ t (тч), d3, ts, dz, tr, dr].