Добавил:
Меня зовут Катунин Виктор, на данный момент являюсь абитуриентом в СГЭУ, пытаюсь рассортировать все файлы СГЭУ, преобразовать, улучшить и добавить что-то от себя Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Учебные пособия по ОРГ / Основы российской государстве

.pdf
Скачиваний:
32
Добавлен:
21.12.2023
Размер:
7.26 Mб
Скачать

О,1-5A 0-,,*.,(-. :-,$#а0,)5!11-,)*

0/+ ( 0а>!J0/+ 1$>+$>$, 7 *!H!0(5 0а3,а00$8 1*$@2!./, -*!>( 0(+ – #(@7а? ( CDD!7&(,0а? 3аA(&а $&!"!-&,!00/+ 1*$(3,$>(&!2!8, *!#B2(*$,а0(! -$$&0$H!0(8, 1$3,$2?5A(+ ,!-) (.1$*& 1*$>B7&$, 1(&а0(?, ,$3.$J0$-&( 1*$(3,$>-&,а 7$&$*/+ , -&*а0! 7*а80! $#*а0("!0/ (2( ,$$@A! $&-B&-&,B5&, 1$7*/,а&) C7-1$*&$. 1*$>B7&$, 1(&а0(?, 1*$(3,$>-&,$ 7$&$*/+ @$2!! CDD!7&(,0$.

В$1*!7( 7B*-B 0а *а3,(&(! */0$"0/+ $&0$H!0(8 3а.!&0$ -0(Jа!&-? &$,а*0$-&) -!2)-7$#$ +$- 3?8-&,а. О&0$-(&!2)0$ 0(37(8 1$ -*а,0!0(5 - 1*$./H2!00$-&)5 -1а> 1*$(3,$>-&,а $@G?-0?!&-? 1*!J>! ,-!#$ 1!*!+$>$. 0а-!2!0(? 0а -а.$$@!-1!"!0(!. М$0$1$2(3. 1*$(3,$>(&!2!8 -!2)-7$+$- 3?8-&,!00$8 &!+0(7(, *а3@B+а0(! 1$-*!>0("!-7(+ -&*B7&B*, 0!1*$>B.а00а? 0а2$#$,а? ( 7*!>(&0а? 1$2(&(7а >!2а5& 1*$(3,$>-&,$ 0!CDD!7&(,0/., ,!>B& 7 B,!2("!0(5 >$2( *B"0$#$ &*B>а. О@G!. ( B>!2)0/8 ,!- &$,а*0$8 "а-&( 1*$>$,$2)-&,!00/+ *!-B*-$, 0!B72$00$ -0(Jа5&-?, B-(2(,а!&-? 0а&B- *а2(3аY(? 1*$(3,$>-&,а. В-! C&$ -$3>а!& B#*$3B 1$&!*( 1*$>$,$2)-&,!00$8 0!3а,(-(.$-&( -&*а0/.

С!*)!30B5 ( ,!-).а *!а2)0B5 B#*$3B C7$0$.("!-7$8 @!3$1а-0$-&( -&*а0/ 1*!>-&а,2?5& -,!*- &/,а0(! DB0>а.!0&а2)0/+ (--2!>$,а0(8, *а-1а> 0аB"0$-(--2!>$,а&!2)-7(+ 7$22!7&(,$, ( 7$0- -&*B7&$*-7(+ @5*$ .(*$,$#$ 72а--а, *!37$! -$7*аA!0(! 3а7а3$, 0а ,/-$7$&!+0$2$#("0B5 ( ,1$20! 7$07B*!0&$-1$-$@0B5 1*$>B7Y(5, «B&!"7а .$3#$,» (3 Р$--((.

Н! .!0!! -!*)!30$8 $1а-0$-&)5 ?,2?!&-? B+$> ,/-$7$7,а2(D(Y(*$,а00/+ -1!Y(а2(-&$, (3 -D!*/ -,$!8 1*$D!--($0а2)0$8 >!?&!2)0$-&( , $7а3а,H(!-? @$2!! 1*!-&(J0/.( ( ,/-$7$$12а"(- ,а!./.( -!7&$*/ C7$0$.(7(. Н(J0(. 1$*$#$,/. 30а"!0(!. >2? @!3$1а-0$-&( ?,2?5&-? 3а&*а&/ 0а #*аJ>а0-7(! (--2!>$,а0(? , *а3.!*! 0! .!0!! 1,5% $& $@G!.а ВВП. В -$,*!.!00$8 Р$--((, 7а7 ( , 1*!>/>BA(! #$>/, $0( 1$"&( ,>,$! 0(J!. В!-).а $1а-0$8 &!0>!0Y(!8 ?,2?!&-? B-&$8"(,$! -$7*аA!0(! "(-2а .а2/+ 1*!>1*(?&(8 , -D!*! 0аB7( ( 0аB"0$#$ $@-2BJ(,а0(?. И.!00$ 3>!-) >!8- -&,B5& &а7 0а3/,а!./! ,!0"B*0/! 1*!>1*(?&(?, -1$-$@-&,B5A(! @/-&*$.B $@0$,2!0(5 &!+0(7(.

На"(0а? - 1996 #. "(-2$ .а2/+ 1*!>1*(?&(8 , C&$8 -D!*! B.!0)H(2$-) , >,а *а3а. В-! C&$ ,!>!& 7 0а*а-&а0(5 B#*$3 , *а3,(&(( 0аB"0$-&!+0("!-7$#$ 1$&!0Y(а2а, -1$-$@0$#$ -$3>а&) 3аA(&B C7$- 0$.("!-7$8 ( -$Y(а2)0$8 @!3$1а-0$-&( -&*а0/. О"!0) -!*)!30B5 B#*$3B C7$0$.("!-7$8 @!3$1а-- 0$-&( Р$--(( $@*а3B!& -$-&$?0(! $-0$,0/+ 1*$(3,$>-&,!00/+ D$0>$,. С&а*!0(! $-0$,0/+ D$0>$, 1$-&$?00$ 0а*а-&а!&, B,!2("(,а!&-? $1а-0$-&) .а--$,/+ &!+0$#!00/+ 7а&а-&*$D, $&-B&-&,B!& "!&- 7а? 1*$#*а..а (+ &!+0("!-7$#$ -$,!*H!0-&,$,а0(?. В$3*а-&а0(! (0,!-&(Y(8 , $-0$,0/! D$0>/, (.!,H!! .!-&$ , 2000 #., -.!0(2$-) *!37(. -0(J!0(!. (+ 1*(*$-&а , 1$-2!>B5A(! #$>/.

Ка7 (3,!-&0$, , 1990-! ##. ,.!-&$ *а-H(*!00$#$ ,$-1*$(3,$>-&,а $-0$,0/+ D$0>$, 0а"а2$-) (+ а@-$25&0$! -$7*аA!0(!. П*!J>! ,-!#$ $0$ 3а&*$0B2$ $&*а-2(, 1*$(3,$>?A(! &$,а*/. О>0$,*!.!0- 0$ 0а*а-&а2 $@G!. D(3("!-7$#$ ( .$*а2)0$#$ -&а*!0(? $-0$,0/+ D$0>$,. К 2001 #. (30$- (+ -$-&а- ,(2 30а"(&!2)0B5 ,!2("(0B 7а7 , 1*$./H2!00$-&(, &а7 ( , -!2)-7$. +$3?8-&,!. Р$-& (0,!-&(Y(8 1*(3,а0 B.!0)H(&) ,2(?0(! C&(+ 7*а80! 0!#а&(,0/+ 1*$Y!--$, ( *!H(&) >,! 3а>а"(: -$+*а0(&) 1*!>1$-/27( C7$0$.("!-7$#$ *$-&а ( -$3>а&) $-0$,/ >2? 1$-&!1!00$8 1!*!$*(!0&аY(( C7$0$.(- 7( 0а 0$,$! 7а"!-&,$ *$-&а. Б!3 C&$#$ 0!,$3.$J0$ ,0!>*!0(! -$,*!.!00/+ ,/-$7$&!+0$2$#("0/+ 1*$(3,$>-&, ( 1$-&!1!00/8 1!*!+$> 7 B-&$8"(,$.B ( >$2#$,*!.!00$.B C7$0$.("!-7$.B *$-&B. Э&$ 3а8.!& 1*(.!*0$ 6-7 2!&, ( 2(H) 0а -2!>B5A!. C&а1! -&а0!& ,$3.$J0/. 1!*!,$> +$3?8-&,а 0а 1B&) (0D$*.аY($00$-(0>B-&*(а2)0$#$ *а3,(&(?.

О&72а>/,а0(! 1*$Y!--а 1$>#$&$,7( C7$0$.(7( 7 0$,$.B 7а"!-&,B *$-&а .$J!& 2(H(&) Р$--(5 Hа0-$, 0а B-1!+ , *!а2(3аY(( Y!2!8 >$2#$-*$"0$8 -&*а&!#((. П$-2!>$,а&!2)0$! ( 1$C&а10$! *!H!- 0(! (0,!-&(Y($00/+ 1*$@2!. &*!@B!& >$2#$-*$"0$8 (0,!-&(Y($00$8 1$2(&(7(. С!8"а- !d, 7 -$Jа- 2!0(5, 0!&. П*$#0$3/, 1$-&*$!00/! - 1$.$A)5 .$0!&а*(-&-7(+ .$>!2!8, , 1*(0Y(1! 0! -1$-$@0/ $@$-0$,а&) &а7B5 1$2(&(7B ( 1$&$.B 0!>$-&а&$"0/ >2? 1$-&*$!0(? -&*а&!#(( C7$0$.("!-7$#$ ( -$Y(а2)0$#$ *а3,(&(?.

210

V 0а9#!2. ВA9-5A 6$#$X!:- * 0а95*)*! ,)0а1A

О-0$,$8 $-BA!-&,2!0(? $@!(+ 3а>а" (0,!-&(Y($00$8 1$2(&(7( ?,2?!&-? а77B.B2(*$,а0(! ( Y!2!,$! (-1$2)3$,а0(! а.$*&(3аY((. В 1990-! #$>/ а.$*&(3аY(?, 0а"(-2?!.а? 1$ 1!*,$0а"а2)0$8 -&$(.$-&( $-0$,0/+ D$0>$,, $7а3а2а-) 0! , -$-&$?0(( (- B"!&$. ,/-$7$8 (0D2?Y(() $@!-1!"(&) >аJ! (+ 1*$-&$! ,$-1*$(3,$>-&,$. К &$.B J! $0а @/2а 0! 3аA(A!0а ( 1$-&$?00$ «1*$!>а2а-)» 0а 1$1$20!0(! $@$*$&0/+ -*!>-&,, ,/12а&B 3а*12а&/ ( 0а >*B#(! -(5.(0B&0/! Y!2(.

К*B10/. (-&$"0(7$. >2? (0,!-&(Y(8 ?,2?5&-? 7*!>(&0/! *!-B*-/. О>0а7$ 1*( -&а,7! *!D(- 0а0-(*$,а0(? Ц!0&*а2)0$#$ @а07а Р$--(( ( *!0&а@!2)0$-&( 1*$./H2!00$-&( , *а3.!*! 10-12% 7$..!*"!-7(! @а07( 0! .$#B& 7*!>(&$,а&) *!а2)0/8 -!7&$* C7$0$.(7(. У"!&0а? -&а,7а Ц!0&*а2)- 0$#$ @а07а, 1*$Y!0&0/! -&а,7( 7$..!*"!-7(+ @а07$, ( *!0&а@!2)0$-&) 1*!>1*(?&(8 -$!>(0!0/ , !>(0/8 B3!2. О>0а7$ &!, 7&$ $1*!>!2?5& C7$0$.("!-7B5 ( 7*!>(&0$-D(0а0-$,B5 -&*а&!#((, 0! $&- 0$-?& *!H!0(! ,$30(7а5A(+ 3>!-) 1*$@2!. 7 "(-2B 725"!,/+ >2? B,!2("!0(? $@G!.а (0,!-&(Y(8.

С!*)!30/. ,72а>$. , 0а*аA(,а0(! (0,!-&(Y(8 .$J!& @/&) H(*$7$! 1*(,2!"!0(! (0$-&*а0- 0$#$ 7а1(&а2а. О>0а7$ >2? C&$#$ 0!$@+$>(. *?> B-2$,(8, #2а,0/. (3 7$&$*/+ ?,2?!&-? *$-& $@G- !.а ,0B&*!00(+ (0,!-&(Y(8. Р$-& $&!"!-&,!00/+ (0,!-&(Y(8 – #2а,0/8 -&(.B2 >2? 1*(&$7а (0$- -&*а00/+. Э&$ *!Hа5A(8 Dа7&$* @2а#$1*(?&0$#$ (0,!-&(Y($00$#$ 72(.а&а, $ "!. #$,$*(& ( $1/& К(&а?, #>! $#*$.0$! 1*(,2!"!0(! (0$-&*а00/+ (0,!-&(Y(8 -&а2$ 3а7$0$.!*0$8 *!а7Y(!8 0а *$-& $&!"!-&,!00/+.

К "(-2B ,0B&*!00(+ B#*$3 -$Y(а2)0$8 -&а@(2)0$-&( $@A!-&,а ( C7$0$.("!-7$8 @!3$1а-0$-&( $&0$-(&-? *$-& @!3*а@$&(Y/. Э&$& 1*$Y!--, 0!#а&(,0/8 -а. 1$ -!@!, ,/3/,а!& $-$@B5 &*!,$#B, 7$#>а @!3*а@$&(Yа 1*($@*!&а!& .а--$,/8 ( 3а-&$80/8 +а*а7&!*. П$.(.$ &$#$, "&$ 2(H!0(! #*аJ- >а0 ,$3.$J0$-&( $@!-1!"(&) >$-&$80$! -BA!-&,$,а0(! -!@! ( -,$!8 -!.)! @!30*а,-&,!00$, @!3- *а@$&(Yа 7*а80! 0!*аY($0а2)0а ( 0!CDD!7&(,0а - C7$0$.("!-7$8 &$"7( 3*!0(?. О0а B,!2("(,а!& 0а#*B37B 0а 3а0?&/+, 1!*!0$-? 0а 0(+ *а-+$>/ 1$ -$>!*Jа0(5 -$Y(а2)0/+ (J>(,!0Y!,, а C&$ ,!>!& 7 -0(J!0(5 J(30!00$#$ B*$,0? -а.(+ *а@$&а5A(+. В *!3B2)&а&! 3а .а--$,B5 @!3*а@$&(YB 1*(- +$>(&-? *а-12а"(,а&)-? ,-!., , 1!*,B5 $"!*!>) -0(J!0(!. B*$,0? J(30(. На7$0!Y, @!3*а@$&(Yа -$ ,*!.!0!. 0!(3@!J0$ ,!>!& 7 B&*а&! 7,а2(D(7аY(( ( &*B>$,/+ 0а,/7$,, "&$ $1?&)-&а7( 0а0$-(& -!*)!30/8 BA!*@ C7$0$.(7!.

К$0D2(7&0$-&) -(&BаY(( $@$-&*?!&-? ( &!., "&$ *а-&BAа? @!3*а@$&(Yа 0а72а>/,а!&-? 0а -1!Y- (D("!-7B5 *$--(8-7B5 .!0&а2)0$-&) 0а-!2!0(?. О0а -2BJ(& 1(&а&!2)0$8 -*!>$8 >2? *$-&а 1*!- -&B10$-&(. СBA!-&,!00B5 B#*$3B -$Y(а2)0$8 -&а@(2)0$-&( ( C7$0$.("!-7$8 @!3$1а-0$-&( 1*!>- -&а,2?!& ( *!37$! B-(2!0(! >(DD!*!0Y(аY(( , >$+$>а+ *а32("0/+ #*B11 0а-!2!0(?. М(*$,/. $1/&$. >$7а3а0$, "&$ !-2( -$$&0$H!0(! , >$+$>а+ 10% 0а(.!0!! $@!-1!"!00/+ ( 10% 0а(@$2!! $@!-1!"!00/+ #*B11 >$-&(#а!& >,B30а"0$8 Y(D*/, &$ !-&) 1*!,/Hа!& -$$&0$H!0(! 1:10 (, 0а(@$- 2!! *а3,(&/+ !,*$1!8-7(+ -&*а0а+ $0$ 7$2!@2!&-? , $&0$H!0(( 1:6-8), &$ $@A!-&,$ ,-&B1а!& , 3$0B -$Y(а2)0$8 0!-&а@(2)0$-&(. В Р$--(( J! C&$ $&0$H!0(! -$-&а,2?!& -!#$>0? 1:14.

С72а>/,а5A(!-? 1*$1$*Y(( *!37$ B-(2(,а5& >(DD!*!0Y(аY(5 >$+$>$, 0а-!2!0(?, ,!>B& 7 ,$30(70$,!0(5 7$0D2(7&0/+ -(&BаY(8 (, "&$ 0! .!0!! ,аJ0$, 1$>*/,а5& $-0$,/ &*B>$,$8 .$&(- ,аY((. С!*)!30$8 1*$@2!.$8 C7$0$.("!-7$8 ( -$Y(а2)0$8 @!3$1а-0$-&( ?,2?!&-? 7*(.(0а2(3аY(? C7$0$.(7(, 1$>*/,а5Aа? $-0$,/ >!2$,$8 а7&(,0$-&( ( 1$>а,2?5Aа? $J(,2!0(! 1*$(3,$>-&,а, &$*#$,2(, ,-!+ */0$"0/+ -&*B7&B*.

Д$-&а&$"0$ $1а-0/! (3.!0!0(? -BA!-&,B5& , -&*B7&B*! C7$0$.("!-7$8 1*!-&B10$-&(. С $>0$8 -&$*$0/, .$J!& 1*$(-+$>(&) -*аA(,а0(! 7*(.(0а2)0/+ -&*B7&B* - #$-B>а*-&,!00/. а11а*а&$., а - >*B#$8 – -BA!-&,!00/8 *$-& B*$,0? (0&!22!7&Bа2(3аY(( 1*!-&B10$#$ .(*а, B-(2!0(! !#$ &!+- 0("!-7$8 ,$$*BJ!00$-&(. Э&$ $@G?-0?!&-? &!., "&$ , *!3B2)&а&! *а--2$!0(? $@A!-&,а, *а-&BA!8 @!3*а@$&(Y/, -$7*аA!0(? а*.((, 0а -$Y(а2)0$! >0$ 1$1а>а!& 30а"(&!2)0$! "(-2$ ,/-$7$7,а2(-

211

О,1-5A 0-,,*.,(-. :-,$#а0,)5!11-,)*

D(Y(*$,а00/+ -1!Y(а2(-&$,, $@2а>а5A(+ 0!.а2/. $1/&$. ( 30а0(?.( , $@2а-&( -$,*!.!00/+ &!+0$2$#(8 ( а0а2(3а (0D$*.аY((. В-! C&$ 0а0$-(& -!*)!30/8 C7$0$.("!-7(8 BA!*@.

М0$#$ ,$1*$-$,, 0!>$*а3B.!0(8 ( B#*$3 -,?3а0$ - -$,*!.!00$8 >!0!J0$-7*!>(&0$8 1$2(&(- 7$8 Р$--((. М$J0$ 1*$7$..!0&(*$,а&) 0!7$&$*/! !! а-1!7&/. М!J>B0а*$>0/8 ,а25&0/8 D$0>, Ц!0&*а2)0/8 @а07 Р$--(( ( B"!0/!-C7$0$.(-&/ 1$2)3B5&-? D$*.B2$8 >!0!J0$#$ $@*аA!0(?, &а7 0а3/,а!./. B*а,0!0(!. Ф(H!*а: MV=PY, #>! М – >!0!J0а? .а--а, V – -7$*$-&) $@*аA!0(? >!0!#, Р – B*$,!0) Y!0, Y – $@G!. ВВП. И-+$>0а? ,!2("(0а – >!0!J0а? .а--а. О0а @!*d&-? , ,(>! а#*!#а- &а, 7B>а ,+$>?& 0а2("0/! >!0)#( 125- >!1$3(&/ 0а-!2!0(? ( 1*!>1*(?&(8. Э&а .а--а B.0$Jа!&-? 0а -7$*$-&) >!0!J0$#$ $@*аA!0(?. Ка7 -2!>B!& (3 B*а,0!0(? Ф(H!*а, $@G!. >!0!J0$8 .а--/ , *а,0$8 -&!1!0( ,2(?!& 0а >(0а.(7B Y!0 ( 0а $@G!. 1*$(3,$>-&,а. Е-2( (-7B--&,!00$ 3а0(Jа&) >!0!J0B5 .а--B, &$ .$J0$ >$@(&)-? -0(J!0(? (0>!7-а Y!0 ( ((2() -0(J!0(? 1*$(3,$>-&,а. А 7а7 ->!2а&) &а7, "&$@/ 1*(*$-& >!0!J0$8 .а--/ ,2(?2 0! -&$2)7$ 0а Y!0/, -7$2)7$ ,/-&B1а2 , 7а"!-&,! >,(#а&!2? 1*$(3,$>-&,а? В!>) , */0$"0$8 C7$0$.(7! >,(#а&!2!. 1*$(3,$>-&,а ?,2?!&-? (.!00$ -1*$-. Р!H!0(! ,(>(&-? , 7а0а2(3аY(( >!0!J0/+ 1$&$7$, ( Y!0$,$. *!#B2(*$,а0((. П*( C&$. 0а>$ $&.!&(&), "&$ 1*$-&$8 .!+а0("!-7(8 ,/@*$- >!0!# , $@*аA!0(! 1*(,!>!& &$2)7$ 7 >!-&а@(2(3аY(( */07а ( (0D2?Y((.

З0а"(&, 0а>$ 0а1*а,(&) >!0)#( 1$ -$$&,!&-&,B5A(. 7а0а2а., "&$@/ $0( 1$1а2( &B>а, 7B>а 0BJ- 0$, &$ !-&) , *!а2)0/8 -!7&$* C7$0$.(7( – C&$ 0а3/,а!&-? 7а0а2(3аY(!8 >!0!J0/+ 1$&$7$,. На- 1*(.!*, !-2( 0а1*а,(&) -*!>-&,а 0а $12а&B $@$*$00$#$ 3а7а3а, 1*!>1*(?&(? ВПК *а--"(&а5&-? -

.!&а22B*#а.(, - &*а0-1$*&0(7а.(, - C0!*#!&(7а.( ( &.>.

М$J0$ *!#B2(*$,а&) Y!0/ !-&!-&,!00/+ .$0$1$2(8. П*$Y!-- *!#B2(*$,а0(? >$2J!0 1*(,!- -&( 7 -&а@(2(3аY(( Y!0 ( &а*(D$, 0а 1*$>B7Y(5 &$12(,0$-C0!*#!&("!-7$#$ 7$.12!7-а. М$J0$ (-- 1$2)3$,а&) .!J7а*&!2)0/! >$#$,$*/ 1$ ,,!>!0(5 -$#2а-$,а00/+ &а*(D$, ( Y!0. Э&( >$7B.!0&/ 1$>1(-/,а5&-?, -7аJ!., .!J>B .!&а22B*#а.(, C0!*#!&(7а.( ( J!2!30$>$*$J0(7а.(, "&$ >а-& ,$3-

.$J0$-&) $1*!>!2!00$#$ *!#B2(*$,а0(? Y!0 0а -$Y(а2)0$ 30а"(./! &$,а*/ – 2!7а*-&,а, &$,а*/ >!&-7$#$ а--$*&(.!0&а, H7$2)0/! B"!@0(7( ( 1*. Д*B#(.( -2$,а.(, 0!$@+$>(.а 7$.12!7-0а? 1*$- #*а..а, 7$&$*а? $@!-1!"(,а2а @/ 1!*!2$. C7$0$.("!-7$8 -(&BаY((.

К25"!,$! 30а"!0(! >2? C7$0$.("!-7$#$ *$-&а (.!!& а7&(,(3аY(? -$,$7B10$#$ -1*$-а. В Р$--(( 7$CDD(Y(!0& .$0!&(3аY(( -$-&а,2?!& $7$2$ 16%. В *а3,(&/+ -&*а0а+ $0 7$2!@2!&-? .!J>B 60 ( 90%, , США ( Я1$0(( $0 1*!,/Hа!& 100%. И.!? 16% >!0!J0$8 .а--/ $& ВВП, 0!2)3? *а--"(- &/,а&), "&$ $@$*$& >!0!# , +$3?8-&,! @B>!& 1*$(-+$>(&) 0$*.а2)0$, "&$ ,$,*!.? @B>B& 12а&(&)-? 0а2$#(, 0! @B>!& @а*&!*а ( 3а>!*J!7 3а*12а& ( 1!0-(8. Т!1!*) $ -7$*$-&( $@*аA!0(? >!0!#, 7$&$*а? , Р$--(( -$-&а,2?!& 1*(.!*0$ 6-7 *а3 , #$>. Н(#>! , .(*! &а7$8 -7$*$-&( $@*аA!0(? >!0!# 0!&. Э&$ ,$3.$J0$ &$2)7$ , $>0$. -2B"а! – !-2( $@$*$& >!0!# , ,а25&0$-D(0а0-$,$. -!7&$*! 1*$(-+$>(& а,&$0$.0$ $& $@*аA!0(? >!0!# , *!а2)0$. -!7&$*!. К -$Jа2!0(5, *а3*/, , $@$*$&! >!0!# , *!- а2)0$8 C7$0$.(7! ( , ,а25&0$-D(0а0-$,$. -!7&$*! ?,2?!&-? *!а2)0$-&)5 ( 1*!>-&а,2?!& $>0B (3 -!*)!30!8H(+ B#*$3 C7$0$.("!-7$8 @!3$1а-0$-&( Р$--((.

В 1$-2!>0!! ,*!.? ,!-).а -!*)!30B5 B#*$3B @!3$1а-0$-&( Р$--(( 1*!>-&а,2?!& 1$2(&(7а !-&!- -&,!00/+ .$0$1$2(8 ( 0!1*$>B.а00/! .!*/ 1$ (+ *!D$*.(*$,а0(5. ВаJ0$ 1$>"!*70B&), "&$ !-&!-&,!00/! .$0$1$2(( , 1*(0Y(1! 0!B-&*а0(./. О@2а>а? -,$(. (-725"(&!2)0/. .!-&$. , C7$- 0$.(7!, &а7(! .$0$1$2(( .$#B& >(7&$,а&) 25@/! Y!0/ 0а -,$5 1*$>B7Y(5 ( B-2B#(. П$C&$.B 7$0- &*$2) 0а> 0(.( ( $1*!>!2!0(! (+ B*$,0? ?,2?!&-? 0!1*!.!00/. 1*а,$. #$-B>а*-&,а. Н(37(! Y!0/ 0а B-2B#( !-&!-&,!00/+ .$0$1$2(8 1$3,$2?5& @$2!! CDD!7&(,0$ -&(.B2(*$,а&) C7$0$.("!-7(8 *$-&, "!. 0(37(! 0а2$#(. П$>>!*Jа0(! 0(37(+ Y!0 0а J!2!30$>$*$J0/! 1!*!,$37(, 0а C2!7&*$C- 0!*#(5 ( #а3, $@!-1!"(,а!.$! , &$. "(-2! - 1$.$A)5 @5>J!&0/+ >$&аY(8, 1$3,$2?!& -$+*а0(&)

212

V 0а9#!2. ВA9-5A 6$#$X!:- * 0а95*)*! ,)0а1A

Y!2$-&0$-&) Р$--((, $@!-1!"(&) -$3>а0(! !>(0$#$ ,-!*$--(8-7$#$ */07а, ->!2а&) 1*$>B7Y(5 $&- !"!-&,!00/+ 1*$(3,$>(&!2!8 7$07B*!0&$-1$-$@0$8 7а7 0а ,0B&*!00!., &а7 ( 0а .(*$,$. */07!.

Н! .!0!! $1а-0/ .0$#$"(-2!00/! 1*(3/,/ 1$,/-(&) Y!0/ 0а 0!D&) ( 0!D&!1*$>B7&/, 0а #а3 ( C2!7&*("!-&,$ >$ B*$,0? .(*$,/+, (#0$*(*B5A(! *?> 1*(0Y(1(а2)0/+ $-$@!00$-&!8 *$--(8-7$8 C7$0$.(7(. В$-1!*,/+, 0(37(! Y!0/ 0а C&B 1*$>B7Y(5 ?,2?5&-? $&*аJ!0(!. @$#а&-&,а Р$--(( 1*(*$>0/.( *!-B*-а.( ( B-2$,(!. ,/-$7$8 7$07B*!0&$-1$-$@0$-&( !! 1*$(3,$>-&,а. За1а-/ 0!D- &( ( #а3а , 0аH!8 -&*а0! -BA!-&,!00$ ,/H!, "!. , *а3,(&/+ -&*а0а+. Д!H!,(30а C2!7&*$C0!*#((, $-$@!00$ 0а .$A0/+ ГЭС, >!2а!& !d &а7J! Dа7&$*$. 1$&!0Y(а2)0$ ,/-$7$8 CDD!7&(,0$-&( $&!"!- -&,!00$#$ 1*$(3,$>-&,а. В$-,&$*/+, -$,!*H!00$ 0!>$1B-&(.$ -&а,(&) ,$1*$- $ ,,!>!0(( , Р$--(( !>(0/+ - За1а>$. Y!0 0а 1*$>B7Y(5 ( B-2B#( !-&!-&,!00/+ .$0$1$2(8 1*( 7*а80! 0(37$. B*$,0! *!а2)0$8 3а*а@$&0$8 12а&/ ( >$+$>$, 0а-!2!0(?. Ка7 , +$3?8-&,!00$8 -D!*!, &а7 ( , @5>J!&0/+ $*#а0(3аY(?+ 3а*а@$&0а? 12а&а 1*( *а,0$. 1$ 7а"!-&,B &*B>! , 0!-7$2)7$ *а3 0(J!, "!. , *а3,(&/+ -&*а0а+. З>!-) 0а@25>а!&-? &(1("0/8 *а3*/, 1*(.(&(,0$ C7$0$.("!-7$#$ 1$>+$>а - -$Y(а2)0/.( &*!@$,а0(?.(. Т!. -а./. 0а*BHа!&-? -(-&!.0/8, Y!2$-&0/8 а0а2(3 -$Y(а2)0$-C7$0$.("!-7(+ 1*$@2!. 7а7 0!1*!.!00$! &*!@$,а0(! 0аB"0$#$ 1$>+$>а.

В-&*!&)(+, >аJ! 1$-2! &$#$, 7а7 @B>B& 1*(0?&/ .!*/ 1$ *а>(7а2)0$.B 1$,/H!0(5 >$+$>$, 0а-!2!0(?, ,,!>!0(! !>(0/+ Y!0 0а 1*$>B7Y(5 ( B-2B#( !-&!-&,!00/+ .$0$1$2(8 @B>B& 0!1*(!.- 2!./ >2? Р$--((. В -(2B #!$#*аD("!-7(+ B-2$,(8 &!12$- ( C2!7&*$!.7$-&) !>(0(Y/ ВВП , 0аH!8 -&*а0! ,-!#>а @B>!& ,/H!, "!. , Е,*$1! ( США, , К(&а! ( , -&*а0а+ Ла&(0-7$8 А.!*(7(. П$,/H!- 0(! Y!0 0а C&( &$,а*/ ( B-2B#( ->!2а5& *$--(8-7B5 1*$>B7Y(5 0!7$07B*!0&$-1$-$@0$8 0а .(*$- ,$. */07!, а ,/-$7(! J!2!30$>$*$J0/! &а*(D/ 0!(3@!J0$ *а3$*,B& &!-0/! -,?3( .!J>B 3а1а>0$8 ( ,$-&$"0$8 "а-&)5 Р$--((.

Э&$ 2(H) ,!>BA(! B#*$3/ C7$0$.("!-7$8 ( -$Y(а2)0$8 @!3$1а-0$-&( Р$--((. С$3>а0(! а&-

.$-D!*/ >$,!*(? – 7$.12!7-0/8 ,$1*$-, 0$-?A(8 >а2!7$ 0! "(-&$ -$Y(а2)0$-C7$0$.("!-7(8 +а- *а7&!*. О0 &*!@B!& 0а-&$8"(,$-&( ( 1$-2!>$,а&!2)0$-&( , 1*$,!>!0(( 0а.!"!00/+ .!*, #а*а0&(8 "!-&0$#$ (-1$20!0(? #$-B>а*-&,$. ( !#$ $*#а0а.(, 7$..!*"!-7(.( -&*B7&B*а.( 1*(0?&/+ 0а -!@? $@?3а&!2)-&,. На -!#$>0?H0(8 >!0) C&$ &$& 725", 7$&$*/8 1$3,$2(& -0?&) 1*$&(,$*!"(? 0а"а,- H!#$-? C7$0$.("!-7$#$ ( -$Y(а2)0$#$ *$-&а, ->!2а&) !#$ 0!$@*а&(./.. Э&$ ( 725" 7 &$.B, "&$@/ 3а@$&а $ @!3$1а-0$-&( Р$--(( -&а2а 0! &$2)7$ >!2$. 1*$D!--($0а2$,, 0$ ( а&*(@B&$. .а--$,$#$ $@A!-&,!00$#$ -$30а0(?.

ז וѶ҉ѿѶҋѴҕѻ҈Ҁѻ ҋ҉ҌҌҀҀ

ОСНОВНЫЕ ДИСБАЛАНСЫ, РИСКИ И ВЫЗОВЫ РОССИИ КАК ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕРЖАВЫ

Н!& 0!$@+$>(.$-&( 1$>*$@0$ $@G?-0?&), "&$ 0аY($0а2)0а? @!3$1а-0$-&) ( C7$0$.(7а 7а7 !! 0!-BAа? 7$0-&*B7Y(? , -BA!-&,!00$8 .!*! $1*!>!2?5&-? #!$1$2(&("!-7(. 1$2$J!0(!. -&*а0/. Ра-1а> СССР 0а0!- -(2)0/8 B>а* 1$ #!$1$2(&("!-7$.B -&а&B-B Р$--((. С$,*!.!00а? Р$--(? $7а3а- 2а-) , 0$,/+ >2? -!@? #*а0(Yа+, *!37$ -BJ!00/+ - (-&$*("!-7(. 1$2!. D$*.(*$,а0(? *$--(8-7$8 0аY((. И3 &*а0-7$0&(0!0&а2)0$8 >!*Jа,/ Р$--(? 1*!,*а&(2а-) , #$-B>а*-&,$, $&"а-&( $#*а0("!0- 0$! , -,$@$>0$. #!$#*аD("!-7$. >$-&B1! 7 ,0!H0!.B .(*B ( 1$&!0Y(а2)0$ B?3,(.$! 1!*!> 2(Y$. ,$3.$J0/+ 7$0D2(7&$, - -$-!>?.( 0а 3а1а>0$8, 5J0$8 ( ,$-&$"0$8 #*а0(Yа+.

Е-&) 2( B Р$--((, ,$30(7H!8 0а *B(0а+ СССР, ,$3.$J0$-&) 3а0?&) .!-&$ , .(*!, -$$&,!&-&,B- 5A!! !! &!**(&$*(а2)0/. .а-H&а@а., $@G!.а. 1*(*$>0$-*!-B*-0$#$ 1$&!0Y(а2а ( B0(7а2)0$-&(

213

О,1-5A 0-,,*.,(-. :-,$#а0,)5!11-,)*

!! 7B2)&B*0$-(-&$*("!-7$#$ 0а-2!>(?? На 0аH ,3#2?>, Р$--(?, 0!-.$&*? 0а 7*(3(- 1990-+ #$>$,, - 1$3(Y(( #!$1$2(&(7( -$+*а0(2а *?> "!*& ,!2(7$8 .(*$,$8 >!*Jа,/, 1!*!J(,а5A!8 &*B>0$-&( &*а0-D$*.аY($00$#$ 1!*($>а. Э&$ 0! 1*$?,2!0(! (.1!*-7$#$ ./H2!0(? ( ,!2(7$>!*Jа,0$#$ H$- ,(0(3.а, а 7$0-&а&аY(? $-$@$#$ #!$#*аD("!-7$#$ ( 1*(*$>0$-*!-B*-0$#$, (-&$*("!-7$#$ ( 7B2)&B*- 0$#$ 30а"!0(? Р$--((.

О>0а7$ Р$--(? B0а-2!>$,а2а $& СССР 0! &$2)7$ 30а"(&!2)0/8 *!-B*-0/8 1$&!0Y(а2, 0$ ( .0$- #(! >(-1*$1$*Y((, 7$&$*/! $-2а@2?5& C7$0$.("!-7B5 -(2B ( >!2а5& !! B?3,(.$8 1*( 0!@2а#$1*(- ?&0/+ ,0!H0(+ ,$3>!8-&,(?+. Г2а,0а?, 0а 0аH ,3#2?>, >(-1*$1$*Y(? – .!J>B -&$(.$-&0$8 $Y!07$8 1*(*$>0$#$ *!-B*-0$#$ 1$&!0Y(а2а, 1$&!0Y(а2)0/.( ,$3.$J0$-&?.( "!2$,!"!-7$#$ 7а1(&а2а, D(- 0а0-$,$8 .$A)5 #$-B>а*-&,а ( B*$,0!. @2а#$-$-&$?0(? !#$ #*аJ>а0.

П*( -$+*а0!0(( .$A0$#$ 1*(*$>0$-*!-B*-0$#$ 1$&!0Y(а2а Р$--(( >2? 0а"а2а B-&$8"(,$#$ *а3,(&(? 0! +,а&а!&, 1$ (.!5A(.-? 7$0-!*,а&(,0/. $Y!07а., 200-300 .2*> >$22. Н$ #2а,0а? @!>а , &$., "&$ D(0а0-$,$-@а07$,-7а? -(-&!.а, 7$*1$*а&(,0$! B1*а,2!0(! ( ,-! 3,!0)? #$-B>а*-&,!0- 0$#$ .!+а0(3.а 0! -1$-$@0/ (-1$2)3$,а&) 0а @2а#$ -&*а0/ ( !! #*аJ>а0 0а7$12!00/8 *!-B*-0/8 1$&!0Y(а2, ( &! >!0!J0/! -*!>-&,а, 7$&$*/! -&*а0а 1$2B"а!& $& @2а#$1*(?&0$8 Y!0$,$8 7$0G50- 7&B*/. Э&$ 1$7а3а2, 0а1*(.!*, 2008 #$>, 7$#>а *$--(8-7а? D(0а0-$,$-@а07$,-7а? -(-&!.а $7а3а2а-) 0!-1$-$@0$8 (-1$2)3$,а&) >$1$20(&!2)0/! >$+$>/ >2? (+ &*а0-D$*.аY(( , (0,!-&(Y(( , B-2$,(- ?+ #2$@а2)0$#$ D(0а0-$,$#$ 7а&а72(3.а.

Н!$@+$>(.$ B-&*а0(&) ( >*B#(! 1!*!7$-/ , -(-&!.! 7$.1$0!0&$, ,!2(7$8 >!*Jа,/. НBJ!0 7а- "!-&,!00$ 0$,/8 B*$,!0) -&*а&!#("!-7$#$ B1*а,2!0(? ( 12а0(*$,а0(? 7а7 0а .а7*$B*$,0!, &а7 ( 0а 7$*1$*а&(,0$. B*$,0!. И.!00$ , C&$. -$-&$(& #2а,0/8 ,/3$, #2$@а2(3аY((. П!*!> Р$--(!8 -&$(& 3а>а"а -$3>а&) -$,*!.!00B5 D(0а0-$,$-@а07$,-7B5 -(-&!.B, -$,*!.!00/! (0-&(&B&/ */0$"0$#$ +$3?8-&,а, 7$*1$*а&(,0$! B1*а,2!0(!, 7$&$*/! -1$-$@0/, $1(*а?-) 0а 0аY($0а2)0/! (0&!*!-/, -$$&,!&-&,B5A(! (. (0>(7а&$*/ @!3$1а-0$-&(, ,3а(.$>!8-&,$,а&) - 3а*B@!J0/.( 1а*&0!*а.( 0а ,-!. (0D$*.аY($00$-D(0а0-$,$. 1*$-&*а0-&,!. Ф(0а0-$,$-C7$0$.("!-7(! (0-&*B.!0&/ >$2J0/ @/&) 7$07B*!0&$-1$-$@0/.( 7а7 1$ ,0B&*!00!8 -&*B7&B*! -,$(+ C2!.!0&$,, &а7 ( , "а-&( -$3>а0(? @2а#$1*(?&0/+ B-2$,(8 >2? $&!"!-&,!00/+ &$,а*$1*$(3,$>(&!2!8 0а ,0!H0!. */07!.

И3-3а -&*B7&B*0$8 0!-@а2а0-(*$,а00$-&( *$--(8-7$8 C7$0$.(7(, -2а@$#$ *а3,(&(? $@*а@а&/,а- 5A(+ $&*а-2!8, *!37$#$ $&-&а,а0(? , -(-&!.! .а7*$C7$0$.("!-7$#$ ( 7$*1$*а&(,0$#$ B1*а,2!0(? $& .(*$,/+ &!0>!0Y(8, $H(@$7, >$1BA!00/+ , 1*$Y!--! *!D$*.(*$,а0(? C7$0$.(7(, Р$--(? , 1$2- 0$8 .!*! 0! (-1$2)3B!& -,$(+ 1$&!0Y(а2)0/+ ,$3.$J0$-&!8 ( 1$ 1*$(3,$>-&,B ВВП, (-"(-2?!.$.B 1$ 1а*(&!&B 1$7B1а&!2)0$8 -1$-$@0$-&(, 3а0(.а!& .!-&$ ,$ ,&$*$8 >!-?&7! -&*а0 .(*а, &$#>а 7а7 , 1980-! #$>/ РСФСР 3а0(.а2$ 1$ C&$.B 1$7а3а&!25 7-! .!-&$, а СССР , Y!2$. – 3-! .!-&$ , .(*!.

СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКАЯ АВТОНОМИЯ

У"(&/,а? -$+*а0?5A(!-? 1*$@2!./ , -D!*! >!.$#*аD(( ( 3>*а,$$+*а0!0(?, 0!2)3? *а--.а- &*(,а&) 0а"а2$ 1$>G!.а Р$--(( 7а7 $7$0"а&!2)0/8 C2!.!0& 0$,$#$ .(*$,$#$ 1!83аJа. Н$ &!. 0!

.!0!! .$J0$ >$,!-&( C&B #(1$&!3B >$ 7$0Yа ( $1*!>!2(&), 7а7(.( .$#B& @/&) -1!Y(D("!-7(! 7$- 3/*( ,$--&а0$,(,H!8-? *$--(8-7$8 C7$0$.(7(, Dа7&$*/ !d *а,0$,!-(? ( ,$3.$J0$-&( *$-&а. С&а- 0$,(&-? $"!,(>0$8 -2!>B5Aа? 7$0-&а&аY(?: Р$--(? .$J!& -&а&) >!*Jа,$8, -$,!*H!00$ $-$@$8 , C7$0$.("!-7$. $&0$H!0((, -$"!&а5A!8 $&0$-(&!2)0$ ,/-$7(8 B*$,!0) $@*а3$,а0(? C7$0$.("!- -7( а7&(,0$#$ 0а-!2!0(? - 1$20$8 C0!*#!&("!-7$8 0!3а,(-(.$-&)5. С*а,0!0(! - В!2(7$@*(&а0(!8, 7$&$*а? $@2а>а!& 0!D&?0/.( *!-B*-а.( , С!,!*0$. .$*!, @/2$ @/ 1$,!*+0$-&0/.. О@Gd. >$@/"( 0!D&( ( $-$@!00$ #а3а >!2а!& Р$--(5 ,аJ0!8H(. >!8-&,B5A(. 2(Y$. 0а .(*$,$. */07! C0!*- #!&("!-7(+ *!-B*-$,. Н!2)3? &а7J! 3а@/,а&), "&$ @2а#$>а*? #(#а0&-7(. *а3.!*а. &!**(&$*(( $0а

214

V 0а9#!2. ВA9-5A 6$#$X!:- * 0а95*)*! ,)0а1A

$@!-1!"!0а >*B#(.( 1*(*$>0/.( *!-B*-а.( , $#*$.0/+ 7$2("!-&,а+. Р?>$. - 3а,(-(./.( $& .(*а С$!>(0!00/.( Ш&а&а.( Р$--(? -а.$8 1*(*$>$8 $1*!>!2!0а 7а7 0!3а,(-(.а? -&*а0а. Еd &$*#$,/8 @а2а0- (.!!& 1$2$J(&!2)0$! -а2)>$.

Э&$ 1$2$J!0(! $@G!7&(,0$, $0$ 0! 3а,(-(& $& ,$2( 25>!8. О0$ $7а3/,а!&, $>0а7$, ,аJ0$! ,2(?- 0(! 0а ,/@$* $@A!-&,!00$8 -(-&!./: $@H(*0$-&) &!**(&$*(( Р$--((, !d @$#а&!8H(! .(0!*а2)0/! ( C0!*#!&("!-7(! *!-B*-/ , -,$d ,*!.? ->!2а2( ,$3.$J0$8 -&а2(0-7B5 7$0Y!1Y(5 -&*$(&!2)-&,а -$Y(а2(3.а , $&>!2)0$ ,3?&$8 -&*а0!. В 1!*($> >!@а&$, $ #2$@а2(3аY(( ( ,-!$@A!8 ,3а(.$3а,(- -(.$-&( Р$--(? 1*( -Y!0а*(( *а3,(&(?, $-0$,а00$. 0а -а./+ @2а#$1*(?&0/+ #(1$&!3а+, .$J!& -&а&) #(#а0&-7$8 >!.$7*а&("!-7$8 -&*а0$8, (.!5A!8 *а,0$,!-(! ,0!H0!&$*#$,$#$ @а2а0-а ( $@- 2а>а5A!8 C0!*#!&("!-7$8 0!3а,(-(.$-&)5. Е-2( ./ "а-&("0$ $@G?-0?!. 2(+$*а>$"0B5 -B!&B ,а- H(0#&$0-7(+ *B7$,$>(&!2!8 (+ 0!B,!*!00$-&)5 , $@!-1!"!0(( А.!*(7( &$,а*а.(, 7а1(&а2а.(, а &а7J! 0!D&)5 0а -*!>0!-*$"0B5 1!*-1!7&(,B, ./ .$J!., , 1*$&(,$1$2$J0$-&) (., 1*!>-&а,(&) , @B>BA!. -1$7$8-&,(! *а3,(&(! -&*а0/. С&*B7&B*0$8 -2а@$-&)5 Р$--(( .$#B& ?,(&)-? >!.$#*аD(- "!-7(! 1*$@2!./, 0$ C&а -2а@$-&) 1*( $1*!>!2!00/+ B-2$,(?+, .$J!& -&а&) -(2$8.

СРЕДНИЙ КЛАСС – БАЗИС РОССИЙСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ

С&*$#$ #$,$*?, 1$0?&(! «-*!>0(8 72а--» ,3?&$ (3 >*B#$#$, BJ! BH!>H!#$ , 1*$H2$! -2$,а*? 1$0?&(8. С$,*!.!00$! $@A!-&,$ (.!!& -$,!*H!00$ >*B#$8 -$Y(а2)0/8 -$-&а,. С!#$>0? -*!>0(8 -2$8 – H(*$7(8, .0$#$7*а-$"0/8 ( 1$>,(J0/8 -$-&а, 0а-!2!0(?. О0 $+,а&/,а!&, 7а7 1*а,(2$, @$2!! 2/3 0а-!2!0(? ( +а*а7&!*(3B!&-? *?>$. 1а*а.!&*$,, $ 7$&$*/+ *!") 1$8>d& 0(J!. О&-B&-&,(!

.0$#$"(-2!00$#$ -*!>0!#$ -2$? 1*(-BA! -&*а0а., *а-7$2$&/. 0а 0!@$2)HB5 #*B11B @$#а"!8 ( 1$>а,2?5A!! @$2)H(0-&,$ 25>!8, 0! (.!5A(+ B-&$8"(,/+, 7$.D$*&0/+ B-2$,(8 J(30(. В C&(+ -&*а0а+ >!Y(2)0/8 7$CDD(Y(!0& >$+$>$, 1*!,/Hа!& -$$&0$H!0(! 1:10. О&-5>а 1*$(-&!7а!& $AB- A!0(! 0!-1*а,!>2(,$-&( -BA!-&,B5A!#$ $@A!-&,!00$#$ 1$*?>7а, &?#а 7 >!2!JB 0а7$12!00$#$ @$- #а&-&,а ( *!,$25Y($00/. 1!*!.!0а.. К&$ (0&!*!-B!&-? 1*(.!*а.(, .$J!& $@*а&(&)-? 7 $1/&B -&*а0 Ла&(0-7$8 А.!*(7(, Ю#$-В$-&$"0$8 А3((, АD*(7( (2(, 0а7$0!Y, 7 (-&$*(( -,$!8 -$@-&,!0- 0$8 -&*а0/.

К -$Jа2!0(5, *$--(8-7(! *!D$*./ 0а0!-2( -!*)!30/8 ( &*B>0$ ,$-1$20(./8 B>а* 1$ *!Hа5- A!.B B-2$,(5 B-1!+а ( 0!$@*а&(.$-&( */0$"0/+ 1*!$@*а3$,а0(8. О&0$-(&!2)0а? -&а@(2)0$-&) , *а-1*!>!2!0(( >$+$>$,, 1$>>!*J(,а!.а? - 1$.$A)5 .$A0$8 -(-&!./ $@A!-&,!00/+ D$0>$, 1$&*!- @2!0(? (1*( ,-!+ !! 0!>$-&а&7а+) 1*(,!2а 7 -&*!.(&!2)0$.B 1!*!*а-1*!>!2!0(5 >$+$>$, , 2-3 #$>а. Д!Y(2)0/8 7$CDD(Y(!0&, $1*!>!2?5A(8 -&!1!0) *а-1*!>!2!0(? 0аY($0а2)0$#$ @$#а&-&,а, ,$3*$- >$ $&0$H!0(? 1:14. С*!>0(8 -2$8 B&*а&(2 -,$( 1*!J0(! 1$3(Y((. С$,*!.!00а? -&*B7&B*а *$-- -(8-7$#$ $@A!-&,а, -2$J(,Hа?-? 3а 1$-2!>0(! #$>/, !Ad 0! 0$-(& "!*&/ B-&$8"(,$8, $7$0"а&!2)- 0$ -2$J(,H!8-? -&*B7&B*/. В -&*B7&B*! $@A!-&,а .$J0$ "d&7$ ,/>!2(&) !#$ ,!*+BH7B – #*B11B 25>!8, 7$&$*а? -7$0Y!0&*(*$,а2а , -,$(+ *B7а+ $-0$,0B5 "а-&) 0аY($0а2)0$#$ @$#а&-&,а. В 0!d ,+$>(& 1*(.!*0$ 2-3% *$--(8-7(+ #*аJ>а0. К 0!8 1*(./7а!&, а ,$ .0$#$. ( -2(,а!&-? - 0!8, -2$8 1*а,?A!8 @5*$7*а&(( (, Ц!0&*! ( , *!#($0а+), >!*JаA(8 , -,$(+ *B7а+ *!а2)0/! */"а#( *!#B2(- *$,а0(? C7$0$.("!-7$8, >!0!J0$-7*!>(&0$8 ( ,0!H0!&$*#$,$8 >!?&!2)0$-&(. С5>а 1$1а>а!& 1*(-

.!*0$ 4-5% 0а-!2!0(?.

Н(J055 "а-&) -$Y(а2)0$8 -&*B7&B*/ 3а0(.а5& 25>(, J(,BA(! 0а >$+$>/ 0(J! $D(Y(а2)0$#$ 1*$J(&$"0$#$ .(0(.B.а. П$ 25@$8 2$#(7! C&$ – @!>-&,B5A!! 0а-!2!0(!, 0а+$>?A!!-? 3а "!*&$8 0(A!&/. С5>а 1$1а>а!& 20% *$--(8-7(+ #*аJ>а0. Р!") (>!& $ >$+$>а+, *а--"(&а00/+ 1$ >а,0$ B-&а*!,H!8 (1*(0?&$8 !Ad , 1992 #.) .!&$>(7!, 7$&$*а? *а--.а&*(,а2а-) 2(H) 7а7 ,*!.!00а?, 1!-

215

О,1-5A 0-,,*.,(-. :-,$#а0,)5!11-,)*

*!+$>0а? -&B1!0) ( 0! ,725"а2а , -,$8 -$-&а, *а-+$>$, 1$ $@0$,2!0(5 .!@!2(, 1$-&!2)0$#$ @!2)?, $>!J>/ ( &.>.

О-0$,0а? "а-&) *$--(8-7(+ #*аJ>а0 – 60-65% !#$ "(-2!00$-&( – 0("!#$ 0! 1$2B"(2а , 1*$Y!--!

.а--$,$8 ( H(*$7$ *а3*!72а.(*$,а00$8 1*(,а&(3аY((. Л(H(,H(-) 1$>>!*J7( -$ -&$*$0/ $@A!- -&,а ( 0а+$>?-) @2(37$ 7 3$0! -$Y(а2)0$#$ *(-7а, C&а "а-&) 0а-!2!0(? $*(!0&(*B!&-? 0а -&*а&!#(5 -а.$,/J(,а0(? ( 0! .$J!& -&а&) $-0$,$8 -&а@(2)0$-&( ( #а*а0&$. 1*$(-+$>?A(+ 1!*!.!0. Ч&$ J! $-&а!&-? 1*( &а7$. 1$>+$>! 0а -*!>0(8 -2$8? Е#$ "(-2!00$-&), , 3а,(-(.$-&( $& &$"0$-&( *а-- "!&$,, -$-&а,2?!& -!#$>0? $& 7 >$ 14% 0а-!2!0(?. П*( &а7$. -$-&$?0(( Hа0-/ 0а B-1!+ 0/0!H0!8 *!D$*./ 0а(,0/ ( @!--./-2!00/, 1$C&$.B 0!$@+$>(.а >*B#а? *!D$*.а, - >*B#(.(, "!&7$ $@$30а- "!00/.( Y!2?.( ( 1*($*(&!&а.(, - $*(!0&аY(!8 0а .а--$,B5 $@A!-&,!00B5 1$>>!*J7B.

И ,$& &!1!*) 1*(H2$ ,*!.? 1$#$,$*(&) $ 1*(*$>! ( -&*B7&B*! -*!>0!#$ -2$?. Д(-7B--(( 0а C&B &!.B ,!>B&-? BJ! >а,0$ ( , *а32("0/+ -&*а0а+, $>0а7$ 7*а80! 0!.0$#$"(-2!00/ , 0аH!8 2(&!*а&B- *!, &!. @$2!! 1*(.!0(&!2)0$ 7 -72а>/,а5A(.-? B 0а- *!а2(?.. О1(*а?-) 0а (--2!>$,а0(? -(-&!-

./ -$Y(а2)0/+ 1*($*(&!&$,, .$J0$ , -а.$. $@A!. ,(>! -D$*.B2(*$,а&) &*( а-1!7&а *а--.а&*(- ,а!.$#$ ,$1*$-а. П!*,/8 (3 0(+ – B*$,!0) >$+$>$, -!.)(. П*(0Y(1(а2)0$ ,аJ0$ 1$>"!*70B&), "&$ 1*!>-&а,(&!2) -*!>0!#$ 72а--а >$2J!0 (.!&) >,а ,(>а >$+$>$,: 1$ -,$!.B &*B>B ( 7,а2(D(7аY(( ( >$+$>/ $& -$@-&,!00$-&( (, -а.$. H(*$7$. !! 1$0(.а0((). Т$2)7$ , C&$. -2B"а! *а@$&0(7 – 0!- 3а,(-(.$ $& -,$!8 -1!Y(а2)0$-&( – 1$2B"а!& 1*а,$ @/&) 0!3а,(-(./. $& 1*$>аJ( -,$!8 *а@$"!8 -(2/, $@*!&а!& C7$0$.("!-7B5 ( 1$2(&("!-7B5 -,$@$>B, -&а0$,(&-? 0! 1*$-&$ $@G!7&$., 0$ ( -B@G- !7&$. >!.$7*а&("!-7$8 $*#а0(3аY(( $@A!-&,а.

П*(.!0(&!2)0$ 7 -$,*!.!00/. *$--(8-7(. *!а2(?. 0(J0!8 #*а0(Y!8 1*(0а>2!J0$-&( 7 -*!>- 0!.B -2$5 ?,2?!&-? !J!.!-?"0/8 -*!>0(8 >$+$> (0а 7аJ>$#$ "2!0а -!.)() , *а3.!*! 300 >$22а*$, США. Ра-"!& , *B@2?+ -!#$>0? $1*!>!2(&) >$-&а&$"0$ -2$J0$. В *а-"!&! 0а -!.)5 (3 &*d+ "!2$,!7 C&$& >$+$> (, *а-"!&! 0а #$>) @B>!& -$-&а,2?&) 10,8 &/-. >$22а*$,. Е#$ "2!0!0(! 0а >$+$>/ .!J- >B *а30/.( "2!0а.( -!.)(, а &а7J! 0а >$+$>/ $& $12а&/ &*B>а ( $& -$@-&,!00$-&( .$#B& @/&) &а7J! >$-&а&$"0$ *а30$$@*а30/.(. В$ ,-?7$. -2B"а!, &а7(! -B../ 1$3,$2?& $D(Y!*B 1*($@*!-&( 7,а*&(*B 1$ J(2(A0$.B -!*&(D(7а&B, 0а -2!>B5A(8 #$> $@!-1!"а& 7$.D$*&0/8, @2а#$B-&*$!00/8 $&1B-7, 1$3,$2?& -7$1(&) -*!>-&,а ( 1*($@*!-&( а,&$.$@(2). ЕA! *а3 1$>"!*70!., "&$ *!") (>!& $ 0(J0!8 #*а0(Y! >$+$>$,, 1*(-BA(+ -*!>0!.B -2$5. В!*+0!8 !#$ #*а0(Y!8 ?,2?5&-? >$+$>/ 1*(-

.!*0$ , 10 *а3 @$2!! ,/-$7(! – >$ 3 000 >$22а*$, , .!-?Y 0а "2!0а -!.)(. Л5>( - @$2!! ,/-$7(.( >$+$>а.( $&0$-?&-? 7 -2$5 @$#а&/+ 25>!8.

В&$*/. а-1!7&$. $&0!-!0(? 7 -*!>0!.B -2$5 ?,2?!&-? -&а&B-0/8 Dа7&$*. Э&$ $@*а3$,а0(!, 7,а2(D(7аY(? ( +а*а7&!* -$Y(а2)0$-C7$0$.("!-7(+ 1*(&?3а0(8, $*(!0&аY(? 0а 2!#а2)0/! D$*-

./ $-BA!-&,2!0(? -,$!8 >!?&!2)0$-&(, ,/-$7а? 7B2)&B*а. В0а"а2! 1*!>1$2а#а2$-) -D$*.(*$,а&) -*!>0(8 -2$8 (3 а7Y($0!*$,. Н$ C&$& 3а./-!2 1$20$-&)5 1*$,а2(2-?. С!#$>0? а7Y($0!*/ , -,$!. @$2)H(0-&,! ,$$@A! 0! 1$2B"а5& >$+$>$, 0а -,$( а7Y(( ( 0! .$#B& - (+ 1$.$A)5 0! &$2)7$ @2а-

#$>!0-&,$,а&), 0$ ( 1*$-&$ -BA!-&,$,а&). Г2а,0/8 *!3!*, *а3,(&(? -*!>0!#$ -2$? (!-2( -2$.(&) 0/0!H0(! 1*(.(&(,0/! 1$>+$>/) -$-&$(& , 1*(,2!"!0(( , !#$ -$-&а, (0&!22(#!0Y((, 1*!>-&а,(- &!2!8 (0&!22!7&Bа2)0$8 C2(&/ – >!?&!2!8 0аB7( ( ,/-$7$72а--0/+ ,*а"!8, *а@$&0(7$, 2(&!*а&B*/ ( (-7B--&,а, 7$0-&*B7&$*$, ( 1*$D!--($0а2)0/+ B1*а,2!0Y!,.

Н! .!0)H(8 *!3!*, – 1$20$Y!00$! 1*!>-&а,(&!2)-&,$ , -*!>0!. -2$! (0(Y(а&(,0/+ ( 1*!>- 1*((."(,/+ >!?&!2!8 .а2$#$ ( -*!>0!#$ @(30!-а, 25>!8, $@2а>а5A(+ >!2$,$8 +,а&7$8 ( B-&*!.- 2!00$-&)5 0а >$-&(J!0(! 7$07*!&0/+ Y!2!8. Н!2)3? 0! -7а3а&) ( $ ,$,2!"!0(( , $*@(&B -*!>0!#$ -2$? 0а(@$2!! 7,а2(D(Y(*$,а00/+ -1!Y(а2(-&$, (3 -!7&$*а 0аd.0/+ *а@$&0(7$,. К-&а&(, .(*$,$8 $1/& >аd& 0!.а2$ 1*(.!*$, &$#$, 7а7 C7$0$.("!-7а? 1$2(&(7а $*(!0&(*B!& 1*!>1*(0(.а&!2!8 0а

216

V 0а9#!2. ВA9-5A 6$#$X!:- * 0а95*)*! ,)0а1A

&$, "&$@/ $0( -&(.B2(*$,а2( 0! &$2)7$ ,/-$7(8 3а*а@$&$7 B -,$(+ *а@$&0(7$,, 0$ ( 1*($@*!&!0(! -$@-&,!00$-&( (0а2$#$,/! 2)#$&/ 1*!>1*(0(.а&!2?., 1$.$#а5A(. -,$(. *а@$&0(7а. 1*($@*!- &а&) -$@-&,!00$-&), -&*$(&) J(2)d ( &.>.).

На7$0!Y, - B"!&$. -&*B7&B*/ >$+$>$, 0а-!2!0(? ( -$Y(а2)0$#$ -&а&B-а -*!>0!#$ -2$?, .$J0$ ,/>!2(&) ( &*!&(8 .$.!0& – !#$ Y!00$-&(. О0 7*$,0$ 3а(0&!*!-$,а0 , B-&$8"(,$-&( -2$J(,H!#$- -? 1$*?>7а, , -$@25>!0(( 3а7$00$-&( ( 1*а,$1$*?>7а, , 3аA(&! -$@-&,!00$-&( ( -&(.B2(*$,а0(( >!2$,$8 а7&(,0$-&(. С*!>0(8 -2$8 – 0а>!J0/8 3аA(&0(7 ( #а*а0& B-1!+а *!D$*., 0аY!2!00/+ 0а 1$-&*$!0(! -$Y(а2)0$ $*(!0&(*$,а00$8 */0$"0$8 C7$0$.(7(. С$3>а0(! .а--$,$#$ ( -&а@(2)0$#$ -*!>0!#$ -2$? &*!@B!& ,*!.!0( ( 0!.а2/+ B-(2(8. Е#$ D$*.(*$,а0(! 0! .$J!& 1*$(3$8&( 3а 0!- -7$2)7$ 2!&. С.!0а -(-&!./ Y!00$-&!8 ( .$&(,аY(( 1$,!>!0(? .$J!& -$,1а>а&) , (&$#! -$ -.!0$8 Y!2$#$ 1$7$2!0(?. Н$ 1B&) 7 !#$ -$3>а0(5, B.0$J!0(5 ( 1$,/H!0(5 а7&(,0$-&( – #2а,0/8 ( 0!1*!.!00/8 Dа7&$* B-1!+а 7а"!-&,!00$ 0$,$8 -$Y(а2)0$8 ( C7$0$.("!-7$8 1$2(&(7(, а - 0!8 ( 7 *а3,(&(5 Р$--(( 7а7 -а.$-&$?&!2)0$8, ,!2(7$8 ( 1*$Y,!&а5A!8 >!*Jа,/.

ז ז҉Ҍ҈҉Ѷ҈ҙѻ ҍҋѻ҈Ѻҙ ҋѴѿѶҀҍҀҤ ҋ҉ҌҌҀҀ ҍѻґ҈҉҆҉ѷҀҀ Ҍ҉ғҀѴ҆җ҈ҙҁ Ҁ Ғѻ҆҉ѶѻҒѻҌ҄Ҁҁ ҄ѴҊҀҍѴ҆

ВЫЗОВЫ И СТРАТЕГИИ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИИ

За-&$80/! ?,2!0(? , *$--(8-7$8 C7$0$.(7! ( -$Y(а2)0$8 >(0а.(7!, 0(37(! &!.1/ 1*(*$-&а ВВП, а &а7J! 1*$(3,$>-&,!00$-$&*а-2!,/!, 1*$-&*а0-&,!00/! ( &!+0$2$#("!-7(! ,/3$,/ ( B#*$- 3/, -&$?A(! 1!*!> 0аH!8 -&*а0$8, >!2а5& $"!,(>0/. ,/,$> $ 0!$@+$>(.$-&( -&*B7&B*0$8 1!*!- -&*$87( ,-!#$ 0а*$>0$+$3?8-&,!00$#$ 7$.12!7-а, ,-!-&$*$00!8 .$>!*0(3аY(( ( &!+0$2$#("!-7$#$ $@0$,2!0(? 1*$(3,$>-&,!00$8 -D!*/, -7$*!8H!. 1!*!+$>! $& -/*)!,$8 7 (00$,аY($00$8 .$>!2( *а3,(&(? C7$0$.(7(. С&*а&!#(!8 0аB"0$-&!+0$2$#("!-7$#$ *а3,(&(? Р$--(( $1*!>!2!0$, "&$ @$2)- H(! ,/3$,/ – C&$ -$,$7B10$-&) 1*$@2!., B#*$3 ( ,$3.$J0$-&!8, -2$J0$-&) ( .а-H&а@ 7$&$*/+ &а7$,/, "&$ $0( $@G!7&(,0$ &*!@B5& *!а7Y(( -$ -&$*$0/ #$-B>а*-&,а ( 0! .$#B& @/&) *!H!0/, B-&*а0!0/ (2( *!а2(3$,а0/ (-725"(&!2)0$ 3а -"d& B,!2("!0(? *!-B*-$,.

С2$J(,H(!-? 7 0а-&$?A!.B ,*!.!0( @$2)H(! ,/3$,/, 0а 7$&$*/! >$2J0а $&,!&(&) Р$--(?, $@- B-2$,2!0/ &!+0$2$#("!-7(. $&-&а,а0(!. ( 0!CDD!7&(,0/. B1*а,2!0(!. , 1!*($> 1!*!+$>а $& 12а- 0$,$->(*!7&(,0$8 7 */0$"0$8 C7$0$.(7!. П*( C&$. 30а"(&!2)0а? "а-&) ,/3$,$, ( B#*$3, -&$?A(+ 1!*!> *$--(8-7$8 C7$0$.(7$8, ?,2?!&-? 0! -&$2)7$ -2!>-&,(!. -а07Y($00$#$ >а,2!0(? -$ -&$*$0/ 0!>*BJ!-&,!00/+ -&*а0, -7$2)7$ *!3B2)&а&$. ,0B&*!00(+ $#*а0("!0(8 -$Y(а2)0$-C7$0$.("!-7$#$ *а3,(&(? , 1*!>/>BA(! #$>/. Т!+0$2$#("!-7$! $&-&а,а0(! -&*а0/ ,$3.$J0$ ( 0!$@+$>(.$ 1*!$>$- 2!&) 0а $-0$,! *!D$*.(*$,а0(? 0аB"0$-&!+0$2$#("!-7$8 -D!*/ ( -$,!*H!0-&,$,а0(? .!+а0(3.$, B1*а,2!0(? C7$0$.(7$8. П*!3(>!0&$. ( П*а,(&!2)-&,$. Р$--(8-7$8 Ф!>!*аY(( $1*!>!2!0/ Y!2( ( 3а>а"(, *а3*а@$&а0/ 1*($*(&!&0/! 0а1*а,2!0(? 0аB"0$-&!+0$2$#("!-7$#$ *а3,(&(?, -$3>а0(? (00$- ,аY($00/+ &!+0$2$#(8 ( 0аB"0$-&!+0("!-7(+ *а3*а@$&$7 0а @2(Jа8HB5 10–15-2!&055 1!*-1!7&(,B.

К25"!,B5 *$2) , $@!-1!"!0(( #$&$,0$-&( 7 @$2)H(. ,/3$,а., $Y!07! B#*$3 ( *(-7$, 0аB"- 0$-&!+0$2$#("!-7$#$ *а3,(&(? >$2J0а -/#*а&) *$--(8-7а? DB0>а.!0&а2)0а? 0аB7а – -(-&!.$$@*а- 3B5A(8 (0-&(&B& >$2#$-*$"0$#$ *а3,(&(? -&*а0/. П$>>!*J7а DB0>а.!0&а2)0$8 0аB7( ?,2?!&-? 1!*,$$"!*!>0$8 3а>а"!8 #$-B>а*-&,а. На >а00$. C&а1! >2? CDD!7&(,0$8 *!а2(3аY(( 0аB"0$-&!+0(-

217

О,1-5A 0-,,*.,(-. :-,$#а0,)5!11-,)*

"!-7(+ *а3*а@$&$7 ( &!+0$2$#(8 , Y!2?+ 0аB"0$-&!+0$2$#("!-7$#$ *а3,(&(? 0а*$>0$+$3?8-&,!00$#$ 7$.12!7-а 0!$@+$>(.$ $@G!>(0!0(! -$,.!-&0/+ B-(2(8 7а7 $*#а0$, ,2а-&( *а30$#$ B*$,0?, а7Y($- 0!*0/+ $@A!-&,, #$-7$*1$*аY(8 ( 1*!>1*(?&(8 - #$-B"а-&(!., &а7 ( 1*!>-&а,(&!2!8 0аB7( ( $@*а- 3$,а0(?. У"(&/,а? ,аJ0$-&) ( а7&Bа2)0$-&) @$2)H(+ ,/3$,$,, *а--.$&*(. 1$>*$@0!! 1*($*(&!&- 0/! 0а1*а,2!0(? 0аB"0$-&!+0$2$#("!-7$#$ *а3,(&(? Р$--((, 7$&$*/! , -*!>0!-*$"0$8 1!*-1!7&(,! $@!-1!"а& !d >а2)0!8H!! >(0а.("0$! (00$,аY($00$! *а3,(&(! 0а ,0B&*!00!. ( ,0!H0!. */07а+.

П!0!#-5A! H*&0-5A!, *1)!22!()$а231A! )!B1-2-:**, 0-6-)*9*0-5а11A! ,*,)! A, 1-5A! а-

)!0*а2A * ,/-,-6A (-1,)0$*0-5а1*8; ,*,)! A -60а6-)(* 6-23S*B #а11AB, аS*11-! -6$+!1*! * *,($,,)5!11A. *1)!22!().

На(@$2!! 30а"(./. 1$ ,аJ0$-&( @$2)H(. ,/3$,$., - &$"7( 3*!0(? 0аB"0$-&!+0$2$#("!-7$#$ *а3,(&(? РФ, ?,2?!&-? (-"!*1а0(! ,$3.$J0$-&!8 >а2)0!8H!#$ C7$0$.("!-7$#$ *$-&а 0а $-0$,! C7- -&!0-(,0$8 C7-12Bа&аY(( -/*)!,/+ *!-B*-$,. В -$,*!.!00$. .(*! 1*$(3$H2$ B-(2!0(! #2$@а2)- 0$8 7$07B*!0Y((, $+,а&/,а5A!8 */07( &$,а*$,, B-2B# ( 7а1(&а2а. На"а2а-) -&*B7&B*0а? 1!*!- -&*$87а .(*$,$#$ +$3?8-&,а, -,?3а00а? - (3.!0!0(!. @а2а0-а .!J>B C7$0$.("!-7(.( Y!0&*а.(, ,$3*а-&а0(!. *$2( *!#($0а2)0/+ C7$0$.("!-7(+ -$53$, ( *а-1*$-&*а0!0(!. 0$,/+ &!+0$2$#(8. У*$,!0) 7$07B*!0&$-1$-$@0$-&( -$,*!.!00/+ (00$,аY($00/+ C7$0$.(7 , !A! @$2)H!8 -&!1!0( -&а2 3а,(-!&) $& 7а"!-&,а ( B*$,0? 1*$D!--($0а2(3.а 0аB"0$-&!+0("!-7(+ 7а>*$,. Да,0$ -D$*.(- *$,а00а? C7-&!0-(,0а? -/*)!,а? C7$0$.(7а 1*$>$2Jа!& >$.(0(*$,а&) , $&!"!-&,!00$8 C7$0$.(7!, 7$0-!*,(*B? $&-&а,а0(! , ,/-$7(+ &!+0$2$#(?+. Х$&? 1*( C&$. $0а ,/1$20?!& ,аJ0B5 *$2) $1$*/ ( D(0а0-$,$8 1$>>!*J7( >2? 1!*!+$>а 0а (0&!0-(,0B5 C7$0$.(7B.

Та7, 0а1*(.!*, +$*$Hа? , 1*(0Y(1! (>!? &*а0-D$*.(*$,а&) -/*)!,/! >!0)#( , (00$,аY(( 0! B,!0"а2а-) B-1!+$., 1$-7$2)7B #$-B>а*-&,B 1$0а>$@(2(-) 0!.а2/! -*!>-&,а >2? (-1$20!0(? -$- Y(а2)0/+ $@?3а&!2)-&,. К &$.B J! 7$.1а0(( -/*)!,$#$ -!7&$*а C7$0$.(7( (0,!-&(*B5& (+ &$2)7$ , (00$,аY((, 1*?.$ -,?3а00/! - 1*$(3,$>-&,$.. В-d C&$ , (&$#! 1*(,!2$ 7 $&-&а,а0(5 Р$--(( , &!+0$2$#("!-7$. *а3,(&(( $& B*$,0? *а3,(&/+ -&*а0. К $-0$,0/. -&*B7&B*0/. (1*$(3,$>-&,!0- 0$-$&*а-2!,/. ( 1*$-&*а0-&,!00/.), а &а7J! &!+0$2$#("!-7(. ,/3$,а. 1$-&B1а&!2)0$.B *а3,(- &(5 *$--(8-7$8 C7$0$.(7( $&0$-?&-?:

7а*>(0а2)0$! (3.!0!0(! Y!0$,/+ 1*$1$*Y(8 0а $-0$,0/! &$,а*/ ( B-2B#( , C7$0$.(7!;

$*(!0&аY(? 0а ,0B&*!00!. */07! 0а Y!0$,/! (0>(7а&$*/, $1*!>!2?!./! ,0!H0!C7$0$.(- "!-7$8 7$0G507&B*$8;

$-0$,0$8 а7Y!0& , -&*B7&B*0$8 1$2(&(7! 0а .!*/, $1*!>!2?!./! 1*($*(&!&а.( $&>!2)0/+ 1*$./H2!00$-D(0а0-$,/+ #*B11 ( 7$0#2$.!*а&$,, @!3 B,?37( (+ , !>(0/8 -&*а&!#("!-7(8 3а./-!2 *а3,(&(? C7$0$.(7(;

0(37(8 B*$,!0) ,$-&*!@$,а00$-&( $&!"!-&,!00$#$ 0аB"0$-&!+0("!-7$#$ 1$&!0Y(а2а; $@A!! &!+0$2$#("!-7$! $&-&а,а0(! @а3$,$#$ ?>*а *$--(8-7$8 C7$0$.(7(, $&-&а,а0(! , 2$7а2(3а- Y(( 7*(&("!-7( ,аJ0/+ ,(>$, 1*$>B7Y(( ( 0а1*а,2!0(8 -$3>а0(? а7&(,$,;

0а*а-&а0(! D*а#.!0&аY(( C7$0$.("!-7$#$ 1*$-&*а0-&,а -&*а0/, а &а7J! $-2а@2!0(! -,?- 3а00$-&( C7$0$.(7 *!#($0$,;

0!#а&(,0/! >!.$#*аD("!-7(! &!0>!0Y((, , &$. "(-2! $@B-2$,2!00/! >!#*а>аY(!8 -(-&!. $@!-1!"!0(? J(30!>!?&!2)0$-&( ,$-&$"0/+ ( -!,!*0/+ &!**(&$*(8.

218

V 0а9#!2. ВA9-5A 6$#$X!:- * 0а95*)*! ,)0а1A

А7&(,0$ D$*.(*B5Aа?-? , .(*! Y(D*$,а? C7$0$.(7а, 1$?,2!0(! #*B11/ -&*а0-2(>!*$,, $@- 2а>а5A(+ 0$,/.( 1*$(3,$>-&,!00/.( &!+0$2$#(?.( ( $*(!0&(*$,а00/+ 0а (-1$2)3$,а0(! ,$3- $@0$,2?!./+ *!-B*-$,, >!2а!& 0!$@*а&(./. -7$*!8H(8 1!*!+$> 7 1!*!>$,/. Y(D*$,/., (0&!2- 2!7&Bа2)0/. 1*$(3,$>-&,!00/. &!+0$2$#(?., *$@$&(3(*$,а00/. -(-&!.а., 0$,/. .а&!*(а2а. ( -1$-$@а. 7$0-&*B(*$,а0(?, 7 -$3>а0(5 -(-&!. $@*а@$&7( @$2)H(+ $@Gd.$, >а00/+, .аH(00$.B $@B"!0(5 ( (-7B--&,!00$.B (0&!22!7&B.

Э(-2-:*+!,(* +*,)а8 * 0!,$0,-,6!0!:а4Xа8 =1!0:!)*(а; /-5AS!1*! =&&!()*51-,)* #-6A+* * :2$6-(-. /!0!0а6-)(* $:2!5-#-0-#1-:- ,A038; 1-5A! *,)-+1*(* * ,/-,-6A )0а1,/-0)*0-5(* * B0а1!1*8 =1!0:**.

Ка"!-&,!00$! (3.!0!0(! +а*а7&!*а #2$@а2)0/+ ( 2$7а2)0/+ C0!*#!&("!-7(+ -(-&!., *$-& 30а- "(.$-&( C0!*#$,$$*BJd00$-&( C7$0$.(7( ( 0а*аA(,а0(! $@Gd.$, ,/*а@$&7(, -$+*а0!0(?, 1!*!>а- "( ( (-1$2)3$,а0(? C0!*#(( – !A! $>(0 $"!,(>0/8 ,/3$,. С!#$>0? .(*$,а? C0!*#!&(7а ,3?2а 7B*- 0а @!3B#2!*$>0/! C0!*#$*!-B*-/ ( C0!*#$0$-(&!2( - 0(37(. B*$,0!. ,/@*$-$, 1а*0(7$,/+ #а3$,. Х$&? ,,(>B 1$>$*$Jа,H!#$ «#$2B@$#$ &$12(,а» -&*а0/ За1а>0$8 Е,*$1/ 1*а7&(7B5& #!0!*аY(5 C0!*#(( 0а $-0$,! B#2!,$>$*$>0$#$ -/*)? ( >*B#(+ ,(>$, 0!C7$2$#("0$#$ &$12(,а (0а1*(.!*, ,/- -$7$-!*0(-&/8 .а3B&, B#$2), >(3!2)0$! &$12(,а). У-&$8"(,$! *а3,(&(! .(*$,$8 C0!*#!&(7( *а--.а- &*(,а!&-? , 7$0&!7-&! 1!*!+$>а 0а &!+0$2$#((, (-1$2)3B5A(! C0!*#(5 -$20Yа, ,!&*а, C0!*#(( ,$> (, &$. "(-2! C0!*#(5 -&$"0/+ ,$>), @($.а--/, @($#а3а, #!$&!*.а2)0$8 C0!*#((, а &а7J! *а3,(&(? &!+0$2$#(8 а&$.0$8 ( ,$>$*$>0$8 C0!*#!&(7(. У&,!*J>!0(? $ -7$*$8 (-"!*1а!.$-&( C0!*#!&("!- -7(+ *!-B*-$,, ( 1*!J>! ,-!#$ B#2!,$>$*$>$,, 0! ,1$20! $@$-0$,а0/, а 0!D&) ( #а3, 1$ .0!0(5 .0$- #(+ C7-1!*&$,, @B>B& >$.(0(*$,а&) , .(*$,$8 C0!*#!&(7! 0а 1*$&?J!0(( ,-!#$ &!7BA!#$ -&$2!&(?. Т!. 0! .!0!! 0!$@+$>(.$-&) *а3*а@$&7( 0$,/+ &!+0$2$#(8 1*$(3,$>-&,а C0!*#$*!-B*-$, $-&аd&-? $>0$8 (3 ,аJ0!8H(+ 3а>а". О@Gd./ 1$&*!@2!0(? 0!,$3$@0$,2?!./+ ( ,$3$@0$,2?!./+ *!-B*-$, ,

.(*$,$. C0!*#!&("!-7$. @а2а0-! @B>B& (3.!0?&)-? - B"d&$. (+ 7$07B*!0&$-1$-$@0$-&( 0а 1*$&?- J!0(( ,-!#$ XXI ,а.

Р$--(? 3а0(.а!& 1!*,$! .!-&$ , .(*! 1$ *а3,!>а00/. 3а1а-а. #а3а ( 0(7!2?, , >!-?&7! 2(>!*$, – 1$ 3а1а-а. 0!D&(, $2$,а ( B*а0а, , &*$87! – 1$ ,$2)D*а.B ( 3$2$&B. Р$--(8-7(! 0!>*а -7а3$"0$ @$#а&/. Н$ C&( *!-B*-/ 0! @!-7$0!"0/. В 0а-&$?A!! ,*!.? , 0аH!8 -&*а0! $-$@$! ,0(.а0(! B>!2?!&-? *а3- *а@$&7а. 7$.12!7-0$8 0аB"0$-&!+0("!-7$8 1*$#*а../ 1$20$#$ (00$,аY($00$#$ Y(72а. На 1$,!-&7! >0? ,0!>*!0(! 7$.12!7-0/+ -(-&!. $@*аA!0(? - 1*$./H2!00/.( $&+$>а.(, 1$-&!1!00/8 1!*!+$> 0а @$2!! C7$2$#("0/! ,(>/ &$12(,а (#а3, #а3$.$&$*0$! &$12(,$) ( B.!0)H!0(! B#2!*$>0$#$ -2!>а 1$-2! -J(#а0(? (-7$1а!.$#$ &$12(,а ( &,d*>/+ @/&$,/+ (7$..B0а2)0/+) $&+$>$,. Та7J! ,!>B&-? *а3*а@$&- 7( @$2!! "(-&/+ &!+0$2$#(8 0а $-0$,! 1*(*$>0$#$ #а3а, 1*!>B-.а&*(,а5A(+ (-1$2)3$,а0(! ,$>$*$>а ( .!&а0$-,$>$*$>0$8 -.!-(, ( 1*$>$2Jа!&-? *а3,(&(! &!+0$2$#(8 1*$(3,$>-&,а C0!*#(( 0а $-0$,! 1а*$#а3$,$#$ Y(72а ( &!*.$?>!*0$#$ -(0&!3а.

Та7(. $@*а3$., -$,*!.!00/! &!0>!0Y((, &а7(! 7а7 72(.а&("!-7а? 1$,!-&7а ( *а3,(&(! 1!*!>$- ,/+ Y(D*$,/+ &!+0$2$#(8, >!2а5& а7&Bа2)0/. >2? Р$--(( (0&!0-(,0B5 C7$0$.("!-7B5 .$>!2), $-0$,а00B5 0а (-1$2)3$,а0(( ,$3$@0$,2?!./+ *!-B*-$,. П$C&$.B &а7 ,аJ0/ 1!*!+$> 7 C7$2$#("!- -7( "(-&$8 ( *!-B*-$-@!*!#а5A!8 C0!*#!&(7!, 1$,/H!0(! CDD!7&(,0$-&( >$@/"( ( #2B@$7$8 1!*!- *а@$&7( B#2!,$>$*$>0$#$ -/*)?, D$*.(*$,а0(! 0$,/+ (-&$"0(7$, C0!*#((, -1$-$@$, !d +*а0!0(? ( &*а0-1$*&(*$,7(.

219