- •И. Р. Гальперин стилистика английского языка
- •Contents
- •Irony 138
- •Interjections and Exclamatory Words 145
- •Part iintroduction
- •I. General notes on style and Stylistics
- •2. Expressive means (em) and stylistic devices (sd)
- •3. General notes on functional styles of language
- •4. Varieties of language
- •5. A brief outline of the development of the english literary (standard) language
- •6. Meaning from a stylistic point of view
- •Part II stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •I. General considerations
- •In accordance with the already-mentioned division of language into literary and colloquial, we may represent the whole of the word-stock
- •2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary a) Terms
- •B) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
- •C) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
- •D) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •E) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang
- •B) Jargonisms
- •C) Professionalisms
- •D) Dialectal words
- •E) Vulgar words or vulgarisms
- •F) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •Part ш phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices general notes
- •Onomatopoeia
- •Alliteration
- •Part IV lexical expressive means and stylistic devices a. Intentional mixing of the stylistic aspect of words
- •B. Interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •1. Interaction of primary dictionary and contextually imposed meanings
- •Metaphor
- •Metonymy
- •2. Interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings Stylistic Devices Based on Polysemantic Effect, Zeugma and Pun
- •3. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings
- •Interjections and Exclamatory Words
- •The Epithet
- •Oxymoron
- •4. Interaction of logical and nominal meanings Antonomasia
- •C. Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon
- •Periphrasis
- •Euphemism
- •Hyperbole
- •D. Peculiar use of set expressions
- •The Cliche
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •Decomposition of Set Phrases
- •Part V syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices a. General considerations
- •B. Problems concerning the composition of spans of utterance larger than the sentence
- •Supra-Phrasal Units
- •The Paragraph
- •C. Compositional patterns of syntactical arrangement
- •Stylistic Inversion
- •Detached Construction
- •Parallel Construction
- •Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction)
- •Repetition
- •Enumeration
- •Suspense
- •Climax (Gradation)
- •Antithesis
- •D. Particular ways of combining parts of the utterance (linkage)
- •Asyndeton
- •Polysyndeton
- •E. Particular use of colloquial constructions
- •Ellipsis
- •Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis)
- •Question-in-the-Narrative
- •Represented Speech
- •A) Uttered Represented Speech
- •B) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech
- •F. Stylistic use of structural meaning
- •Rhetorical Questions
- •Litotes
- •Part VI functional styles of the english language
- •Introductory remarks
- •A. The belles-lettres style
- •1. Language of poetry
- •A) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement Metre and Line
- •The Stanza
- •Free Verse and Accented Verse
- •B) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse
- •2. Emotive prose
- •3. Language of the drama
- •B. Publicists style
- •1. Oratory and speeches
- •2. The essay
- •3. Journalistic articles
- •C. Newspaper style
- •1. Brief news items
- •2. Advertisements and announcements
- •3. The headline
- •4. The editorial
- •D. Scientific prose style
- •E. The style of official documents
- •Final remarks
- •Contents
И. Р. Гальперин стилистика английского языка
Москва «Высшая школа» 1981
Contents
PART I INTRODUCTION 6
I. GENERAL NOTES ON STYLE AND Stylistics 6
2. EXPRESSIVE MEANS (EM) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES (SD) 21
3. GENERAL NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF LANGUAGE 29
4. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE 31
5. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE 37
6. MEANING FROM A STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW 53
PART II STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 65
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 65
2. NEUTRAL, COMMON LITERARY AND COMMON COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 66
3. SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY 70
a) Terms 70
b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words 73
c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 77
d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms 81
e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 86
4. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 98
a) Slang 98
b) Jargonisms 103
c) Professionalisms 106
d) Dialectal words 109
e) Vulgar words or vulgarisms 111
f) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings) 112
PART Ш PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 116
GENERAL NOTES 116
Onomatopoeia 117
Alliteration 118
Rhyme 120
Rhythm 121
PART IV LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 127
A. INTENTIONAL MIXING OF THE STYLISTIC ASPECT OF WORDS 127
B. INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANING 130
1. INTERACTION OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED MEANINGS 130
Metaphor 131
Metonymy 135
Irony 138
3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE MEANINGS 144
Interjections and Exclamatory Words 145
The Epithet 148
Oxymoron 153
4. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS 155
Antonomasia 155
C. INTENSIFICATION OF A CERTAIN FEATURE OF A THING OR PHENOMENON 157
Simile 158
Periphrasis 160
Euphemism 163
Hyperbole 166
D. PECULIAR USE OF SET EXPRESSIONS 167
The Cliche 168
Proverbs and Sayings 171
Epigrams 174
Allusions 177
Decomposition of Set Phrases 179
PART V SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 180
A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 180
B. PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION OF SPANS OF UTTERANCE LARGER THAN THE SENTENCE 182
Supra-Phrasal Units 184
The Paragraph 187
C. COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS OF SYNTACTICAL ARRANGEMENT 191
Stylistic Inversion 192
Detached Construction 194
Parallel Construction 196
Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 198
Repetition 199
Enumeration 204
Suspense 205
Climax (Gradation) 207
Antithesis 209
D. PARTICULAR WAYS OF COMBINING PARTS OF THE UTTERANCE (LINKAGE) 212
Asyndeton 213
Polysyndeton 214
The Gap- Sentence Link 215
E. PARTICULAR USE OF COLLOQUIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 217
Ellipsis 219
Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis) 220
Question-in-the-Narrative 222
Represented Speech 223
a) Uttered Represented Speech 225
b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech 228
F. STYLISTIC USE OF STRUCTURAL MEANING 230
Rhetorical Questions 230
Litotes 232
PART VI FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 235
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 235
A. THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE 236
1. LANGUAGE OF POETRY 238
a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 238
Metre and Line 238
The Stanza 243
Free Verse and Accented Verse 246
b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse 249
2. EMOTIVE PROSE 255
3. LANGUAGE OF THE DRAMA 265
B. PUBLICISTS STYLE 271
1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES 272
2. THE ESSAY 277
3. JOURNALISTIC ARTICLES 279
C. NEWSPAPER STYLE 279
1. BRIEF NEWS ITEMS 282
2. ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS 285
3. THE HEADLINE 286
4. THE EDITORIAL 289
D. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE 291
E. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 296
FINAL REMARKS 301