- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Definitions
- •Introduction
- •Abbreviations
- •Definitions
- •2 International Agreements and Organizations
- •The Chicago Convention
- •International Law
- •Commercial Considerations
- •Customs and Excise, and Immigration
- •International Obligations of Contracted States
- •Duties of ICAO Member States
- •Status of Annex Components
- •The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- •The Organization of ICAO
- •Regional Structure of ICAO
- •Regional Structure and Offices
- •ICAO Publications
- •Other International Agreements
- •The Conventions of Tokyo, the Hague and Montreal
- •The Warsaw Convention
- •The Rome Convention
- •IATA
- •ECAC
- •EASA
- •Eurocontrol
- •World Trade Organization
- •Geneva Convention
- •EU Regulation 261/2004
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Airworthiness of Aircraft
- •Introduction
- •Airworthiness
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Introduction
- •Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Certification of Registration
- •Aircraft Markings
- •Classification of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Flight Crew Licensing
- •Introduction
- •Definitions
- •General Rules Concerning Licensing
- •Licences and Ratings for Pilots
- •Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)
- •Instrument Rating (Aeroplane) (IR(A))
- •Instructor and Examiner Rating
- •JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements
- •Pilot Proficiency
- •EASA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Rules of the Air
- •History
- •Applicability of the Rules of the Air
- •General Rules
- •Visual Flight Rules
- •Instrument Flight Rules
- •Semi-circular Flight Level Rules and RVSM
- •Special VFR
- •Distress and Urgency Signals
- •Restricted, Prohibited or Danger Areas
- •Signals for Aerodrome Traffic
- •Marshalling Signals
- •Flight Deck Signals
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Instrument Procedures
- •PANS OPS
- •Instrument Departure Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Approach Procedures
- •Procedure Basics
- •Approach Procedure Design
- •Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height
- •Operating Minima
- •Descent Gradients
- •Track Reversal and Racetracks
- •Missed Approach Segment and Procedure
- •Published Information
- •RNAV Approach Procedures based on VOR/DME
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •9 Circling Approach
- •Circling Approach
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Holding Procedures
- •Holding Procedures
- •Entry Sectors
- •ATC Considerations
- •Obstacle Clearance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Altimeter Setting Procedure
- •Altimeter Setting Objectives
- •Transition
- •Phases of Flight
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
- •Safety
- •Runway Spacing
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 SSR and ACAS
- •Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Airspace
- •Introduction
- •Control Areas and Zones
- •Classes of Airspace
- •Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
- •Airways and ATS Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Air Traffic Services
- •Introduction
- •Air Traffic Control
- •ATC Clearances
- •Control of Persons and Vehicles at Aerodromes
- •The Flight Information Service
- •The Alerting Service
- •Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Separation
- •Concept of Separation
- •Vertical Separation
- •Horizontal Separation
- •Radar Separation
- •Procedural Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Radar Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Visual Separation in the Vicinity of Aerodromes
- •Stacking
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Control of Aircraft
- •Procedural ATC
- •Radar Control
- •Radar Identification
- •Radar Service
- •Aerodrome Control
- •Approach Control Service
- •Air Traffic Advisory Service
- •Aircraft Emergencies
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)
- •Introduction
- •General
- •The Integrated Aeronautical Information Package
- •The Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)
- •Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)
- •SNOWTAM
- •ASHTAM
- •Aeronautical Information Circulars (AICs)
- •Pre-flight and Post-flight Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Reference Code
- •Glossary of Terms
- •Aerodrome Data
- •Runways
- •Taxiways
- •Aprons
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Requirements
- •Visual Aids for Navigation
- •Runway Markings
- •Taxiway Markings
- •Signs
- •Markers
- •Visual Docking Guidance Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Aerodrome Lighting
- •Aerodrome Lights
- •Approach Lighting Systems
- •Runway Lighting
- •Taxiway Lighting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •22 Obstacle Marking and Aerodrome Services
- •Introduction
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas
- •Emergency and Other Services
- •Other Aerodrome Services
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •23 Facilitation
- •Entry and Departure of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •24 Search and Rescue
- •Definitions and Abbreviations
- •Establishment and Provision of SAR Service
- •Co-operation between States
- •Operating Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •25 Security
- •Introduction
- •Objectives
- •Organization
- •Preventative Security Measures
- •Management of Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference
- •Further Security Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •26 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
- •Introduction
- •Objective of Investigation
- •Investigations
- •Serious Incidents
- •EU Considerations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •27 Revision Questions
- •Revision Questions
- •Answers
- •EASA Specimen Examination
- •Answers to Specimen EASA Examination
- •28 Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
- •Chapter Five. Flight Crew Licensing
- •European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
- •Licences
- •Ratings
- •Certificates
- •EASA Part-MED
- •29 Index
Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation 26
Objective of Investigation
26.4 Objective. The objective of the investigation of an accident or incident shall be the prevention of accidents and incidents. It is not the purpose of this activity to apportion blame or liability.
Investigations
26.5Responsibility for Instigating an Investigation. Where an accident or serious incident occurs in the territory of a contracting state, the State of Occurrence is to instigate the investigation. If the accident or incident occurred in a non-contracting state, the state of registry should endeavour to instigate an investigation. If the accident or incident occurred outside the territory of any state or the location of the occurrence cannot be determined, the State of Registry is to instigate the investigation. If the State of Occurrence declines to investigate the incident, the State of Registry (or the State of the Operator) may investigate.
26.6Participation. The State of Registry, the State of the Operator, the State of Design and the State of Manufacture are entitled to be represented at any investigation. Any state, which when requested provides information, facilities, or experts to the state conducting the investigation, is entitled to be represented at the investigation. Where the citizens of a state have suffered fatalities or serious injuries, that state, if a request has been made, will be permitted to appoint an expert who should be entitled to:
•Visit the scene of the accident
•Have access to the relevant factual information
•Participate in the identification of the victims
•Assist in questioning survivors who are citizens of that state
•Receive a copy of the final report
26.7 Final Report. The final report of an investigation of an accident is to be sent with the minimum delay, by the State conducting the investigation to:
•The state that instigated the investigation
•The state of Registry
•The state of the Operator
•The state of Design
•The state of Manufacture
•Any state whose citizens have suffer fatalities or injuries, and
•Any state which provided relevant information, significant facilities or experts
26.8 ICAO. ICAO is to be notified of any accident or serious incident involving an aircraft with a maximum mass of over 2250 kg. A final report must be sent to ICAO for an aircraft with a maximum mass of more than 5700 kg.
26 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
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26 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
Serious Incidents
26.9 Examples. The incidents listed are typical examples of incidents that are likely to be serious incidents. The list is not exhaustive and only serves as guidance to the definition of serious incident.
• Near collisions requiring an avoidance manoeuvre to avoid a collision or an unsafe situation
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• Controlled flight into terrain only marginally avoided. |
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Aborted take-offs on a closed or engaged runway. |
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• Take-offs from a closed or engaged runway with marginal separation from obstacle(s). |
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Landings or attempted landings on a closed or engaged runway. |
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• Gross failures to achieve predicted performance during take-off or initial climb. |
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Fires and smoke in the passenger compartment, in cargo compartments or engine fires, |
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even though such fires were extinguished by the use of extinguishing agents. |
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• Events requiring the emergency use of oxygen by the flight crew. |
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• Aircraft structural failures or engine disintegrations not classified as an accident. |
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Multiple malfunctions of one or more aircraft systems seriously affecting the operation of |
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the aircraft. |
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• Flight crew incapacitation in flight. |
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• Fuel quantity requiring the declaration of an emergency by the pilot. |
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• Take-off or landing incidents including undershooting, overrunning or running off the sides |
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of runways. |
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Systems failures, weather phenomena, operations outside the approved flight envelope or |
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other occurrences which could have caused difficulties controlling the aircraft. |
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InvestigationIncident |
• Failures of more than one system in a redundancy system mandatory for flight guidance and |
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navigation. |
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Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation 26
EU Considerations
26.10 EU Directive 94/56. This Directive is the EU modification of ICAO Annex 13 with regards to the investigation of accidents.
Objective. The Directive aims to improve air safety by facilitating the expeditious holding of investigations, the sole objective of which is the prevention of future accidents and incidents. It applies to investigations into civil aviation accidents and incidents which have occurred in the territory of the EC or involving aircraft registered in a Member State.
Summary. Member States are obliged to investigate every accident or serious incident with the aim of preventing any reoccurrence thereof. Investigation of incidents, other than serious, is also encouraged. The Directive makes clear distinction between liability and technical investigation. The investigations shall in no case be concerned with apportioning blame or liability.
Each Member State shall ensure that technical investigations are conducted or supervised by a permanent and independent Air Accident Investigation Body.
The investigators-in-charge shall be able to carry out their task in the most efficient way and within the shortest time. They shall be granted free access to:
•the site of the accident and to the aircraft;
•the listing of evidence;
•the flight recorders;
•the results of examination of the bodies of victims or of tests made on samples taken from the bodies of victims.
Report. Any investigation into an accident shall be the subject of a report which shall contain safety recommendations. The investigating body shall make public the final accident report in the shortest possible time, and if possible within 12 months of the date of the accident.
Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that the safety recommendations made by the investigating bodies or entities are duly taken into consideration and acted upon.
26.11 EU Directive 2003/42. This Directive concerns itself with the reporting of occurrences.
Objective. The objective of this Directive is to contribute to the improvement of air safety by ensuring that relevant information on safety is reported, collected, stored, protected and disseminated. The sole objective of occurrence reporting is the prevention of accidents and incidents and not to attribute blame or liability.
Definition of an occurrence. ‘occurrence’ means an operational interruption, defect, fault or other irregular circumstance that has or may have influenced flight safety and that has not resulted in an accident or serious incident.
Summary
•Member States shall require that occurrences are reported to the competent authorities.
•Member States shall designate one or more competent authorities to put in place a mechanism to collect, evaluate, process and store reported occurrences.
•Member States shall participate in an exchange of information by making all relevant safetyrelated information available to the competent authorities of the other Member States and the Commission.
•The Directive lists in detail examples of the occurrences that must be reported.
26 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
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26 Questions
Questions
1.An aircraft wheel gets stuck in the mud whilst taxiing to the runway for take-off and sustains damage. Is this:
a.an incident.
b.an accident.
c.a serious incident.
d.a normal operating hazard.
2.Who is responsible for the investigation of an accident?
a.State of Occurrence.
b.State or Registry.
c.ICAO.
d.Combination of A and B.
3.The purpose of Accident Investigations is the prevention of future accidents and:
a.apportion blame.
b.to improve manufacturing design.
c.to help judicial proceedings.
d.nothing more.
4.Just before arrival at the apron, the aircraft unintentionally taxies onto the grass causing the wheel to ride into a pothole. The aircraft has sustained serious damage and consequently the crew is forced to delay the departure:
a.considering that there is no physical injury and that the flight has ended, the action that has to be taken is merely confined to notification of the insurance company, the mechanic, the operator and persons who are in charge of runways and taxiways.
b.this is an accident and the crew should follow the appropriate procedures.
c.this is an incident and the captain has to report this to the aerodrome authority within 48 hours.
d.this is an irregularity in the exploitation. This crew should inform the operator about the delay caused by necessary repairs.
5.Who is entitled to be represented at any investigation?
a.The State of Registry.
b.The State of Design.
c.The State of Manufacture.
d.All the above.
Questions 26
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Questions 26
Questions 26
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