- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Properties of Radio Waves
- •Introduction
- •The Radio Navigation Syllabus
- •Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation
- •Polarization
- •Radio Waves
- •Wavelength
- •Frequency Bands
- •Phase Comparison
- •Practice Frequency (
- •Answers to Practice Frequency (
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 Radio Propagation Theory
- •Introduction
- •Factors Affecting Propagation
- •Propagation Paths
- •Non-ionospheric Propagation
- •Ionospheric Propagation
- •Sky Wave
- •HF Communications
- •Propagation Summary
- •Super-refraction
- •Sub-refraction
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Modulation
- •Introduction
- •Keyed Modulation
- •Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- •Single Sideband (SSB)
- •Frequency Modulation (FM)
- •Phase Modulation
- •Pulse Modulation
- •Emission Designators
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Antennae
- •Introduction
- •Basic Principles
- •Aerial Feeders
- •Polar Diagrams
- •Directivity
- •Radar Aerials
- •Modern Radar Antennae
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Doppler Radar Systems
- •Introduction
- •The Doppler Principle
- •Airborne Doppler
- •Janus Array System
- •Doppler Operation
- •Doppler Navigation Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 VHF Direction Finder (VDF)
- •Introduction
- •Procedures
- •Principle of Operation
- •Range of VDF
- •Factors Affecting Accuracy
- •Determination of Position
- •VDF Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
- •Introduction
- •Non-directional Beacon (NDB)
- •Principle of Operation
- •Frequencies and Types of NDB
- •Aircraft Equipment
- •Emission Characteristics and Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO)
- •Presentation of Information
- •Uses of the Non-directional Beacon
- •Plotting ADF Bearings
- •Track Maintenance Using the RBI
- •Homing
- •Tracking Inbound
- •Tracking Outbound
- •Drift Assessment and Regaining Inbound Track
- •Drift Assessment and Outbound Track Maintenance
- •Holding
- •Runway Instrument Approach Procedures
- •Factors Affecting ADF Accuracy
- •Factors Affecting ADF Range
- •Accuracy
- •ADF Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
- •Introduction
- •The Principle of Operation
- •Terminology
- •Transmission Details
- •Identification
- •Monitoring
- •Types of VOR
- •The Factors Affecting Operational Range of VOR
- •Factors Affecting VOR Beacon Accuracy
- •The Cone of Ambiguity
- •Doppler VOR (DVOR)
- •VOR Airborne Equipment
- •VOR Deviation Indicator
- •Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
- •Questions
- •In-flight Procedures
- •VOR Summary
- •Questions
- •Annex A
- •Annex B
- •Annex C
- •Answers
- •Answers to Page 128
- •9 Instrument Landing System (ILS)
- •Introduction
- •ILS Components
- •ILS Frequencies
- •DME Paired with ILS Channels
- •ILS Identification
- •Marker Beacons
- •Ground Monitoring of ILS Transmissions
- •ILS Coverage
- •ILS Principle of Operation
- •ILS Presentation and Interpretation
- •ILS Categories (ICAO)
- •Errors and Accuracy
- •Factors Affecting Range and Accuracy
- •ILS Approach Chart
- •ILS Calculations
- •ILS Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Microwave Landing System (MLS)
- •Introduction
- •ILS Disadvantages
- •The MLS System
- •Principle of Operation
- •Airborne Equipment
- •Question
- •Answer
- •11 Radar Principles
- •Introduction
- •Types of Pulsed Radars
- •Radar Applications
- •Radar Frequencies
- •Pulse Technique
- •Theoretical Maximum Range
- •Primary Radars
- •The Range of Primary Radar
- •Radar Measurements
- •Radar Resolution
- •Moving Target Indication (MTI)
- •Radar Antennae
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Ground Radar
- •Introduction
- •Area Surveillance Radars (ASR)
- •Terminal Surveillance Area Radars
- •Aerodrome Surveillance Approach Radars
- •Airport Surface Movement Radar (ASMR)
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Airborne Weather Radar
- •Introduction
- •Component Parts
- •AWR Functions
- •Principle of Operation
- •Weather Depiction
- •Control Unit
- •Function Switch
- •Mapping Operation
- •Pre-flight Checks
- •Weather Operation
- •Colour AWR Controls
- •AWR Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
- •Introduction
- •Advantages of SSR
- •SSR Display
- •SSR Frequencies and Transmissions
- •Modes
- •Mode C
- •SSR Operating Procedure
- •Special Codes
- •Disadvantages of SSR
- •Mode S
- •Pulses
- •Benefits of Mode S
- •Communication Protocols
- •Levels of Mode S Transponders
- •Downlink Aircraft Parameters (DAPS)
- •Future Expansion of Mode S Surveillance Services
- •SSR Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
- •Introduction
- •Frequencies
- •Uses of DME
- •Principle of Operation
- •Twin Pulses
- •Range Search
- •Beacon Saturation
- •Station Identification
- •VOR/DME Frequency Pairing
- •DME Range Measurement for ILS
- •Range and Coverage
- •Accuracy
- •DME Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Area Navigation Systems (RNAV)
- •Introduction
- •Benefits of RNAV
- •Types and Levels of RNAV
- •A Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Principle of Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Limitations and Accuracy of Simple RNAV Systems
- •Level 4 RNAV Systems
- •Requirements for a 4D RNAV System
- •Control and Display Unit (CDU)
- •Climb
- •Cruise
- •Descent
- •Kalman Filtering
- •Questions
- •Appendix A
- •Answers
- •17 Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS)
- •Introduction
- •EHSI Controller
- •Full Rose VOR Mode
- •Expanded ILS Mode
- •Full Rose ILS Mode
- •Map Mode
- •Plan Mode
- •EHSI Colour Coding
- •EHSI Symbology
- •Questions
- •Appendix A
- •Answers
- •18 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
- •Introduction
- •Satellite Orbits
- •Position Reference System
- •The GPS Segments
- •The Space Segment
- •The Control Segment
- •The User Segment
- •Principle Of Operation
- •GPS Errors
- •System Accuracy
- •Integrity Monitoring
- •Differential GPS (DGPS)
- •Combined GPS and GLONASS Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Specimen Examination Paper
- •Appendix A
- •Answers to Specimen Examination Paper
- •Explanation of Selected Questions
- •20 Index
Chapter
16
Area Navigation Systems (RNAV)
Introduction |
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Benefits of RNAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Types and Levels of RNAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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A Simple 2D RNAV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System |
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Principle of Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System . . . . . |
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Limitations and Accuracy of Simple RNAV Systems |
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Level 4 RNAV Systems |
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Requirements for a 4D RNAV System . . . . . . . . . . |
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The 737-800 FMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Control and Display Unit (CDU) . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Climb |
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Cruise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Principle Of Operation - Twin IRS, Twin FMC . . . . . . . . |
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Principle Of Operation - Triple IRS, Twin FMC |
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Kalman Filtering |
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DME - IRS Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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16 Area Navigation Systems (RNAV)
(RNAV) Systems Navigation Area 16
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Area Navigation Systems (RNAV) 16
Introduction
RNAV is defined as a method of navigation which permits aircraft operations on any desired track within the coverage of station-referenced navigation signal, or within the limits of selfcontained navigation system.
An area navigation (RNAV) system is any system that allows the aircraft to be navigated to the required level of accuracy without the requirement to fly directly over ground based facilities.
The required accuracy is achieved by using some, or all, of the following inputs of information:
•VOR/DME
•ILS/MLS
•GNSS
•INS/IRS
•ADC
•Time
The information is processed within the system to give the most accurate and continuously updated position and the necessary outputs to provide the pilot with course, ETA etc.
Benefits of RNAV
RNAV allows aircraft to take a more direct flight path appropriate to the route they are flying thereby improving the operating efficiency and helping in relieving congestion on the overcrowded airway system. To facilitate this, air traffic control centres have established RNAV routes which are more direct than the traditional airways system allows and do not require aircraft to regularly fly to the overhead of beacons. Hence the benefits are:
•A reduction in distance, flight time and fuel (and hence costs) by giving airlines and pilots greater flexibility and choice of routes.
•An increase in the present route capacity by making full use of the available airspace by providing more direct routes, parallel or dual routes and bypass routes for overflying aircraft in high density terminal areas.
•A reduction in vertical and horizontal separation criteria.
Types and Levels of RNAV
There are two types of RNAV:
Basic RNAV (B-RNAV) which is required to give a position accuracy to within 5 NM on at least 95% of occasions. It is now mandatory for all aircraft carrying 30 passengers or more to have B-RNAV capability within Euro-control airspace.
Precision RNAV (P-RNAV) must be accurate to within 1.0 NM on at least 95% of occasions. P-RNAV routes are now being established in terminal airspace.
Area Navigation Systems (RNAV) 16
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16 Area Navigation Systems (RNAV)
There are three levels of RNAV capability:
•2D RNAV which relates to the capabilities in the horizontal plane only.
•3D RNAV indicates the addition of a guidance capability in the vertical plane.
•4D RNAV indicates the addition to 3D RNAV of a timing function.
A Simple 2D RNAV System
The flight deck of a simple 2D RNAV system includes the following components:
•Navigation Computer Unit.
•Control and Display Unit (CDU).
•Indicator in the form of a:
◦◦ Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) or
◦◦ Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
(RNAV) Systems Navigation Area 16
RTN RAD CHK DATA
Figure 16.1 VOR/DME RNAV Integrated Nav System
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