More about auxiliary verbs

“We’ll have to get industry wide data… When we do, we can begin to develop a long-term strategy…”

With emphatics:

Do you speak German?

• No, I don’t, but I do speak English.

Have you seen the film Gone with the Wind?

– No, but I have read the book.

Have you ever gone to Europe?

– I haven’t yet, but I will go next year.

Why weren’t you waiting for my call last night?

– But I was!

With comparatives:

The director’s been here longer than I have.

I made more money this year than I did last year.

The secretary can type faster than I can.

Other:

I can’t speak German	If I could, I’d travel to Germany. Because I can’t I plan to take lessons. ,
I have a car.	If I didn’t, I’d have to take the bus. Since I do, I drive to work.

Exercise 14. Complete the following sentences using the correct auxiliary verb.

1. The Johnsons live on the same street as we _____ .

2. Who’ll take care of the insurance matters? My assistant _____.

3. I don’t drive, but I _____ plan to learn.

4. We offer better quality than our competitors _____.

5. But their prices are lower than ours _____ .

6. Did you make a plane reservation? If you _____, you’ll have to take another flight.

7. Can you type? Unless you _____, you shouldn’t apply for this job.

8. Which typewriter needs repair? This one _____ .

9. I won’t be able to see you tomorrow, but I _____ try to give you a call.

10. Carol has more responsibilities than she _____ before her promotion.

11. Who took messages while I was out? The receptionist _____ .

12. Can you get there by train? No, but I _____ take a bus.

13. We haven’t boosted our advertising. Unless we _____, sales will continue to fall.

14. Who should do the typing in the office? The secretaries _____ .

15. Has Mr. Lewis left yet? I’m not sure whether he _____ or not.

16. The secretary should arrive on time. Although she usually _____ , today she arrived a little late.

17. It hasn’t snowed much this winter, but it _____ rained a lot.

18. Which department will be hiring the most employees? Ours _____ .

19. I don’t speak English as well as my teacher _____ .

20. But I can speak it much better than I _____ before.

Word study

“Burke had made him a very generous offer, including a five-year contract and a large salary increase.”

Two More Ways to Put Nouns Together

We can take a noun, put a number before it, and then put another noun after it. So an apartment with four rooms would be a four-room apartment. Here are some other examples:

one-man show eight-hour day

two-car garage ten-minute break

two-family house 40-hour week

three-letter word 50-page report

four-day weekend 100-mile trip

Or we can take a verb, make it a noun (by adding –ing), and put it in front of another noun. So if we want to talk about a room where we wait for something (a room for waiting), we call it a waiting room. There are many words we can make in this way:

advertising agency shopping center

dining room sleeping car

drinking glass spelling test

driving lesson spending money

manufacturing plant standing room

reading glasses walking shoes

shaving cream writing table

See if you can make sentences with these words. Do you know of any other examples?

SUMMARY

abroad accept acceptance acceptable add additional in addition (~ to) advantage disadvantage affect have an affect agree disagree (dis)agreement assemble assembly line at first boom broadcast centralize(d) clear(ly) complete competition competitive contract corporation corporate decrease determine be determined (~ to) dictating machine domestic

earphone efficient efficiency exceed excess in excess of expand expansion expenses face in face of foreign freight (air ~) freighter generous gradually headquarters however increase increasingly let someone down line (~ of products) locate(d) location luncheon major minor make s.o. do s.t. make s.t., happen manufacture manufacturer meet (~ a price)

meeting microphone number (~ of) occupy (~ a building) occupation offer opportunity organize(d) = organise organization = organisation over (~ $100) over (read, think ~) parent company permit plant (factory) recent record recording tape recorder result as a result (~ of) result in revenue set up sharply ship (loud)speaker subsidiary take place then turn (s.t.) down

Text № 3

1. As Managing Director of our company I’ve been asked to say a few words to you today about the way the company is organised. So what I’ve done is to make a sort of table to show how it is all arranged.

2. Not all companies are organised in the same way, of course. They all have more or less the same bits and pieces, but they put them together in different ways. In fact, some Managing Directors are always changing the organisation, which can be very disturbing for everybody else and sometimes causes awful holdups. Sometimes it’s necessary, of course, like when you start making something different or join up with another company or something. Anyway, I think the organisation of my company is fairly typical, so let’s take a look at how we have arranged it.

3. At the top there’s the Board of Directors. Their job is to administrate the company, make general policies, and so on. There are two kinds of directors, actually. One kind is what we call non-executive directors, which means that they are not full-time employees. They are the sort of people who have some standing in various parts of the business world and are in a position to help the company to succeed. They only appear when there are meetings of the Board, and some of them are on the boards of other companies at the same time. But the second lot of directors – the executive directors – are full-time employees of the company. Most of them are managers of our various departments.

4. The absolute head of the company, of course, is the Chairman of the Board. He is appointed by the Board, and his job is to take the chair at meetings of the shareholders and the Board of Directors, and to represent the company’s interests at outside functions. He does not take much part in the running of the business. He leaves me to get on with the job. Mind you, not all chairmen are like that. Our last one was a real pain, always wanted everything done his own way and he kept interfering…

5. Then there’s me, the Managing Director, or MD for short – as long as you don’t think I’m a doctor of medicine. Now, my job is to coordinate the policies decided by the directors and see that they are carried out. I do this through the various managers of departments – departmental managers. At the moment I’ve got six. Actually, they’re all going to come and tell you about their jobs, so I’ll just say a few words.

6. The first one is the Production Manager, who is of course responsible for seeing that our products are made properly, and on time, if possible. Then, next is the Marketing Manager, whose main job is to sell the product. Then there’s the Purchasing Manager, who makes sure we have the raw materials for the Production Manager to make the product for the Marketing Manager to sell.

7. After the Purchasing Manager we have the Chief Accountant – I’m sure you can guess what he does – and next to him the Company Secretary, whose job is to organise the work of the Board of Directors. The last is the Personnel Manager, who recruits people to work in the company and looks after their welfare. All these people will tell you a bit more about what they do. So, that’s the general scene.

1. Read and translate text № 3.

2. Draw the scheme of the Company described in the text.

3. Write out of the text the functions of the Company’s staff.

Model: The board of Directors administrate the Company and make general policies.

Non-executive directors…..

Executive directors…..

The Chairman of the Board…..

The Managing Director …..

The Production Manager…..

The Marketing Manager…..

The Purchasing Manager…..

The Chief Accountant…..

The Personnel Manager…..

The Company Secretary…..

4. Remember the duties of the Company’s staff mentioned. Name them.

Text № 4

1. As Production Manager of our company, my job is concerned with making the company’s products. I suppose that’s pretty obvious, really! But there are quite a lot of other things we do, too. Let me tell you about the four divisions in my department, and you will be able to see then what I mean.

2. First, there’s the Factory, which of course is where the actual manufacturing takes place. In fact, though, we buy some of the parts ready-made, instead of making them ourselves. But anyway, the factory is our main centre. But when things are being made, you know, lots of things can go wrong. So everything we produce has to be carefully checked, either while it is being made or after it is completed. Or both. And this is the function of my second division – Quality Control.

3. Now, manufacturing something, even quite simple things, is quite a complicated process. And it also costs a lot of money. So all the time we have to make sure that we are doing things the quickest and the cheapest way. Without, of course, spoiling the quality of the product. It’s nearly always possible to make something more cheaply, but if the quality is no good, you’ll soon get a bad reputation and before you know it, you’ll end up in a mess. So I have a special division of my department to look after this sort of thing. It’s called Planning and Control.

4. Then there’s one more division – at the moment, anyway. Don’t forget, hardly anybody goes on making the same product all the time. And most companies have a whole range of products, not just one. So all the time we are working out new designs and so on. And that’s the job of the division for Research, Development and Design.

5. So, in one way or another, there is a great deal going on. My department is a very busy one – as I’m sure my colleague, our Marketing Manager, would agree.

(Second Speaker)

6. Absolutely!.. And it keeps my department pretty busy, too. My main responsibility, of course, is to sell the product., or rather, the products. But that’s actually only one part of what we do. In fact, we have so much work that I have had to split my department into five in order to handle it.

7. First, I have a Sales Force, a number of representatives (we usually call them just “reps”) who establish personal and regular contact with our major customers. They travel around a great deal, and it’s quite a job to keep them happy and efficient without spending a fortune on them.

8. Another big job is to keep track of what is happening in the market. I mean, we have to know what people are buying, what they want and can’t get; what our competitors are doing, and so on. This comes under the heading of Market Research, for which we have another special division. And this works very closely with another one, the Advertising division, which looks after leaflets, exhibitions and conferences, advertisements in newspapers, etc. etc. You know the sort of thing. And since none of these divisions actually make anything – as opposed to spending money – I have to keep a pretty tight control over the finances.

9. The other two divisions in my department have tasks that you might not know so much about. My job doesn’t end as soon as someone buys our product. It is terribly important to keep in touch with the customers and to service their wants or needs after the sale: and for this we have our After-Sales division. And last of all, we are the part of the company that deals with the public, so we have a Public Relations division to handle this.

1. Read and translate text № 4.

2. Which two managers speak about their departments?

3. Complete the following sentences:

1. As Production manager of our company my job is concerned with ___.

2. The factory is our main ___.

3. Manufacturing something is quite a ___.

4. If the quality is no good, you’ll soon get ___ .

5. To look after the quality they have a special department, called ___ .

6. All the time the Company is working out ___ .

7. That is the job of the division for Research, ___ .

8. The main responsibility of Marketing Manager is ___ .

9. He has a Sales Force who establish personal and regular contact with ___ .

10. Market Research is another ___ .

11. It keeps track of what is happening ___ .

12. Advertising division looks after leaflets, ___ .

13. After-Sales division keeps in touch ___ . and services their wants or needs after ___ .

14. Public Relations division handles its relations ___ .

4. Use the sentences created to speak about:

1. Production department

2. Marketing department.

Text № 5