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Exercise 35. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the function words in bold type.

A. 1. In the method of sections, the section should always be taken so as to cut only three members whose stresses are unknown. 2. This space should be so located as to be easily available to truck traffic. 3. As trade evolved, towns developed on certain harbours of refuge in order to serve the needs of the ships. 4. The quality of our civilization will inevitably be revealed in structures erected for social welfare; it is the architect's job to see that, in so far as he is able, he helps to make them as noble and as simple as circumstances permit.

B. 1. The magnitude of the factor of safety required depends on whether the resistance of the steel or concrete is considered. 2. The engineer must find out whether scrapers would meet the requirements. 3. The crane is the most important single item to be found on any site, whether large or small.

C. 1. Probably a majority of the houses to be built in the near future, will be designed for rental or sale. For these it is impossible to make so striking a functional analysis as in the case of a house designed for one particular family. 4. If such loads exist, their effect should be carefully studied and provided for. 5, For methods of computing reactions, see chapter on "Reactions".

2. A separate consideration of individual elements is in a very real sense artificial, for each element occurs in a building only for some definite purpose and gains both its practical and its aesthetic meaning from its relation to other-elements.

3. In its way the camera can be even more deceptive than a drawing, for the good architectural photographer can make beautiful photographs of the most ugly structures.

D. 1. The architect and engineer today, working In close cooperation, could redeem port areas aesthetically as they improve their efficiency; the final result cannot but be benificial. 2. Concrete arches reinforced with steel are but rarely used In building construction. 3. The designing of world's expositions is affected by the same problems as with state fairs, but on a greatly magnified scale. 4. In solving a truss by this method, it is evident that a joint must be selected where but two members meet and then proceed from this to other joints. 5. Below ground the variation in moisture is but small and any change is but gradual. 6. Sand and gravel are but little affected by frost unless the water table is near the ground surface.

E. 1. This method can be applied to a joint only when there are two unknown stresses. 2. Loadings as indicated in Fig. 64 only were considered. 3. Direct stresses only are considered in this chapter. 4. This is the only problem that hasn't yet been solved. 5. The method of joints is only a name given to the manner of determining stresses from the conditions of equilibrium of concurrent forces.

F. 1. At either end there is easy access under cover to the concourses leading to the airplane gates. 2. The stresses in the members of a truss may be computed either by a "method of sections" or by a "method of joints". 3. In either method the necessary procedure, in order to determine stresses for a given loading, is to separate the given truss into two parts by an imaginary section, either plane or curved. 4. Provision must be made for the quickest and most convenient connections – for both travellers and their baggage – between local transportation and the passanger cars, in either direction.

Exercise 36. Translate the following sentences and point out the-words in the following sentences which are synonymous to "in it", "of it", "upon it", "with it" "to it".

1. The effective length of spans will be the distance between the centers of gravity of end posts, and the centers of end shoes or end bearing plates must coincide therewith. 2. The owner shall effect fire insurance upon the entire structure on which the work of the contract is to be done and upon all materials, in or adjacent thereto and intended for use thereon to at least 70 per cent of the value thereof. 3. It is hoped that the more experienced may find herein some valuable data. 4. Every foundation shall be constructed to sustain and transmit safely all the loading imposed thereupon. 5. Upon completion and acceptance of all work required hereunder, the amount due the Contractor under this Contract will be paid upon the presentation of a properly executed and duly certified voucher thereof.

Exercise 37. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type.

1. This element may become a definite factor in the development of the entire plan, and care must be taken lest it prove a limitation rather than a help. 2. In so far as buildings of considerable size are built for industrial schools, they should be of fireproof materials with a minimum of woodwork. 3. The wise building manager does not overload himself with details but instead provides for the care of details by delegating them to others. 4. The final desired result, though generally obtained, is not acquired as easily as with the scraper method – nor, as quickly. 5. This type of four-part window has remained in use ever since. 6. The distance from roadway under to roadway over may be made less for bridges of such type than for other types. 7. At the stations sanitary equipment of only the highest grade should be employed, inasmuch as constant public use makes the wear and tear more injurious than in the average toilet room. 8. A valid criticism against much eclectic architecture is that it is essentially paper architecture, because eclectic buildings are full of decorative elements which look well on the drawing yet in the actual buildings they are completely meaningless, either because of their distance from the eye or because the actual spaces between them are so large that the connection is lost. 9. When the structure is redundant, whether the redundancy is due either to provision of more than the essential number of reactive forces or of more internal members than are statically necessary, the stress analysis involves the elastic properties of the structure. 10. By these various means the entire floor is full of light and a sense of welcome and of space. Shop detail drawings are the working drawings by means of which structural steel is fabricated in the shop. 11. It follows from the equation that the moment will be increased by moving the loads to the left provided the average load per foot on the whole span is greater than the average load on the left of the section. If the value of the safety factor is found to be below two, added resistance should be provided. 12. The only difference is the sections taken and, consequently the order in which the lines are drawn. The method of joints is generally preferred in practice on account of its simplicity and this method only will be illusrated here. Particular attention should be paid to the signs in order to properly determine the direction of the resultant. 13. The bulk of industrial development in the U.S. has grown up along the railroads and the highways; it hardly requires a prophet to foresee a similar development about the air terminals. 14. If two sides and one angle in one triangle be equal to two sides and a similarly located angle in another triangle, then the remaining side and angles are also equal, provided, however, that the triangles should either be both acute angled triangles, both obtuse angled triangles, or both right angled triangles. 15. Structural steel, unlike many other materials, is not readily worked in the field. 16. There is no objection other than the cost to having a larger auditorium seating for the school. 17. All the elements which have been discussed thus far are tangible and measurable. 18. Likewise, in columns, if the load be eccentrically applied, both bending and direct stresses will result.