Vocabulary

art n – искусство modern (national, realistic, abstract, etc.) art. Phr a work of art - произведение искусства; an art student - студент художественной школы ; an art exhibition - художественная выставка ; artist – художник, an art school – художественная школа, направление в искусстве.

hurry vt /vi cпешить, торопить(ся), hurry home (to school, to the station, etc.,); Don’t hurry him, he’ll make a mistake. Hurry up! Скорее, поторопитесь! hurry n спешка What’s the hurry? In a hurry в спешке, второпях He is always in a hurry. Он всегда спешит. (Ему всегда некогда).

deal n сделка, соглашение to do/make a deal with sb – заключить с кем-то сделку; dealer n to deal (dealt, dealt) – 1. иметь дело, вести дело, рассматривать, касаться The book deals with modern art. It is difficult to deal with the man. Who deals with such matters? 2. торговать What goods does this shop deal in?

suggestion n предложение At whose suggestion did your arrange this exhibition? make a suggestion – внести, сделать предложение; suggest vt – предлагать suggest a plan (idea, trip, etc) suggest that sb (should) do sth; I suggest that they (should) visit the art museum.

to be prepared to do sth – быть готовым сделать что-то; to be ready for sth – быть готовым к чему-то

chance n случай, возможность, шанс a lucky chance (good, excellent, etc) chance; I had no chance to speak to him . The chances are a hundred to one against him. Phr by chance случайно; lose (miss) a/one’s chance – упустить случай, возможность; take a/one’s chance (of doing sth) – решиться (на что-то), рискнуть; leave sth to chance – оставлять что-то на авось

rise vi (rose, risen) 1. вставать, подниматься When I entered, he rose (from his seat) to greet me. The sun rises early in summer; 2. повышаться (о цене, температуре и т.д.) His voice rose in excitement (anger, etc) ; rise n повышение, увеличение a rise in temperature (prices, one’s pay, etc)

interrupt vt прерывать, мешать interrupt a lesson (a game, a person, etc); I am sorry to interrupt you. The rain interrupted the game. interruption n

miss vt 1. пропускать, упускать прослушать, не заметить miss a lesson the beginning of a story; a chance; sb’s words; a mistake, etc); miss a train – опоздать на поезд 2. скучать по ком-л./чему-л. miss sb (a friend, one’s family, one’s home, etc) 3. обнаружить отсутствие (кого-л. / чего-л.) When did you miss your book? 4. промахнуться, не достичь цели He fired at the bird but missed. He tried to catch the ball but missed; missing a недостающий, отсутствующий There two pages missing from (in) the book.

admire vt восторгаться, восхищаться admire a picture (house), sb's talent, etc. ); admiration n восторг, восхищение

afford vt позволить себе, (быть в состоянии) (обычно употр. с глаголом can) Can you afford (to buy) an expensive coat? I can't afford the time. Мне некогда.

spend vt (spent) 1. тратить spend money (time, energy, etc.) on sth; 2. проводить (о времени) He spent two weeks in a sports camp.

mention vt упоминать (о чем-л.) mention a fact (name, incident,etc) to sb Don’t mention it! Не стоит благодарности! mention n There was no mention of it in the letter.

to be good (bad) for sb. – быть полезным (вредным) для кого-то: Smoking is bad for your health. To be good (bad) at sth, e.g. He is very good at drawing. Он очень хорошо рисует.

insist (on sth.) – настаивать (на чем-либо); insist that sb. should do sth. – настаивать, чтобы кто-л. сделал что-л.

persuade sb. to do sth. – убедить кого-л сделать что-л.

take sth. easy/hard/calmly, etc. - воспринимать что-л/относиться к

чему-л. легко/тяжело/спокойно

keep sb. from doing sth.. – удерживать кого-л от совершения какого-л действия.

order – 1. приказ; vt to order sb. to do sth. – приказать кому-л. сделать что-л.; (to order that sb. should do sth.) Phr by order по приказу 2. порядок He likes order in everything. She keeps the house in good order. Phr be in (out of) order быть в порядке, исправности (в неисправности, испорченным); disorder n беспорядок. 3. заказывать order a taxi (a dress, dinner, books, etc)

obey sb. – повиноваться, подчиняться кому-л./чему-л. obedient – послушный , покорный; disobebient – непослушный.

suspicion – подозрение; suspicious подозрительный, вызывающий подозрение, недоверчивый

promise vt – обещать что-л., Phr to keep one’s promise – cдержать обещание; to break one’s promise – нарушить обещание.

attention – внимание; to draw (call) sb.’s attention to sth. – обращать чье-л. внимание на что-л., to pay (much, little, no) attention to sb/sth – обращать (много, мало, никакого) внимания на кого-л , что-л.; to give attention to sb/sth – уделять внимание кому-л./чему-л.; to catch sb’s attention – привлечь чье-л. внимание; (in)attentive – (не)внимательный, to be (in)attentive to sb.

CINEMA and THEATRE

Theatre

At the theatre you can see plays, e.g. Hamlet by Shakespeare, or musicals, e.g. Phantom of the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber. In a play the cast (= the total number of actors) is usually quite small, but musicals often have a very large cast.

You usually book (= reserve) tickets in a box-office in advance (some time before the actual performance) if you are going to the theatre. Your seat can be in the stalls, one of the boxes, the dress-circle or balcony / gallery. The curtain rises (falls in the end) and you see the scenery. The audience (= the people watching the play / musical) clap at the end of the performance.

Cinema

Plays are performed on a stage, films are shown on a screen. In your country, films in English are either shown with subtitles (= there is a translation across the bottom of the screen), or they are dubbed (= the English is removed and replaced by actors speaking in your own language).

Films are set (= take place) in many different periods and places, e.g. Room with a View is set in the early part of the 20^th century; Blade Runner is set in the future. And when people talk about films, they often talk about the director, e.g. Spielberg, Bertolucci; and the stars, the most important actors and actresses, e.g. Tom Hanks and Jodie Foster.

Types of films

Western: a film about America in the 19^th century; often with cowboys and Indians

War film, e.g. Born on the 4^th of July

Horror film, e.g. Dracula; Frankenstein

Science fiction film: about the future

Action film, e.g. Indiana Jones

Comedy: a funny film that makes you laugh

Thriller: an exciting story about a crime

MUSIC, ART and LITERATURE

A Forms and people

Forms Person

Music classical composer

pop/ rock songwriter

Art painting painter / artist artist (general)

sculpture sculptor

Literature novels novelist

short stories short story writer writer (general) poetry poet plays dramatist/playwright

B Music

Classical music: e.g. Beethoven’s piano concertos, Schubert’s symphonies, Beethoven and Schubert are both composers (= people who write music) and most of their music is played by an orchestra (= a large group of musicians including violins, cellos, etc.) which is led by a conductor.

Opera (= a play in which the words are sung): e.g. Carmen by Bizet.

Rock and pop music: e.g. U2, Bon Jovi, Maria Carey. This music is played by groups / bands, or solo artists, e.g. Madonna. Many solo artists, e.g. Phil Collins, are singer-songwriters (= they write and perform / play their own songs).

Jazz: e.g. Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, Stan Getz.

C Art

If you want to see the painting of a famous artist, you need to go to an art gallery or museum. There you can see individual paintings and sometimes an exhibition (= a collection of paintings by one painter or school of painters, e.g. the Impressionists), e.g.

There’s a Monet exhibition at the National Gallery next week.

There are many different types and styles of paintings:

a watercolour / an oil painting / a drawing

an etching (= a picture made first on a metal plate and then printed on paper)

a portrait (= a painting of a person)

a self-portrait (= a painting of the artist by himself/herself)

a landscape / a seascape (= a painting of part of the countryside / sea)

a still life (pl. still lifes) (= a painting of an arrangement of objects including flowers and food)

a mural (= a painting made on a wall, inside or outside)

a fresco (= a watercolour wall-painting made on wet plaster)

a mosaic (= a picture made of pieces of stone or stained glass)

an abstract painting (= a painting that is not realistic)

D Art trough ages and schools of art

Early Beginnings: Stone Age - cave drawings

Classical Greek sculpture

Byzantine art

Flemish tapestries

Gothic architecture

The Golden Age: the Renaissance period

the Baroque age

the Romantic era

the Neo-Classicists

Recent Developments: Impressionism

the Symbolists and Expressionism

Cubism. Pop art. Abstract art.

UNIT IV. SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS.

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE (continued).

Pre-reading questions:

1. What great scientists do you know? What do you know about them?

2. What discoveries were meant to benefit humanity but were used against it?

TEXT: ALBERT EINSTEIN.

Albert Einstein ² (1879-1955) was born in Ulm, in Germany but took out Swiss citizenship in 1901. Surprisingly as a child he wasn’t a remarkable student. In fact he failed his first attempt at the entry exam for Zurich Polytechnic. However two years later he passed and, after his graduation in 1900, he worked as a schoolteacher before getting a job in the Patents office in Bern. He worked there from 1902 to 1909. In 1905 he published three papers on theoretical physics and, in the same year, he obtained his PhD.³

In 1908 he became a lecturer at the University of Bern. His genius brought him respect and he went on to hold various professorships. In 1915 he published the final version of his theory of relativity. When his theories were verified four years later, he became world famous and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921.

However, in 1933, while Einstein was visiting California, Hitler came to power. Being Jewish, Einstein decided to remain in the USA, took out American citizenship and continued his research at the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton where he remained until death.

During the First World War Einstein had been a pacifist, but prior to the Second World War, he abandoned this idea because German scientists had managed to split the atom, and an atomic bomb was now possible. He believed Hitler was a threat to world peace. He therefore persuaded President Roosevelt, in 1939, to develop a US atomic research program.

Here there is a version of how Albert Einstein discovered the Law of Relativity taken from Ch. Chaplin’s Autobiography.⁴ They first met in 1926, when the great scientist had been invited to California to lecture.

Chaplin received a telephone call from Universal studios⁵, saying that Professor Einstein would like to meet him. He was thrilled and gladly accepted the invitation. So they met at the Universal studios for lunch, Ch. Chaplin, the Professor, his wife, his secretary and his Assistant Professor.⁶ Mrs. Einstein spoke English very well, in fact better than the Professor. She was extremely proud of him and frankly enjoyed being the wife of the great physicist. She did not even try to hide the fact.

After lunch, while Einstein was being shown around the studio, Mrs. Einstein took Chaplin aside and whispered: “Why don’t you invite the Professor to your house? I know he will be delighted to have a nice quiet chat with just ourselves.” It was to be a small affair, and only two other friends were invited. At dinner Mrs. Einstein told Chaplin the story of the morning when the theory of relativity first came to Einstein’s mind.

“The Doctor came down in his dressing gown as usual for breakfast but he hardly touched a thing. I thought something was wrong, so I asked what was troubling him. “Darling! he said, “I have a wonderful idea.” And after drinking his coffee, he went to the piano and started playing.

Now and again he stopped, reached for his pencil, made a few notes, then repeated: “I’ve got a wonderful idea, a marvelous idea!”

“I said: “What’s the matter with you? Why don’t you tell me what it is?”

“He said: “I can’t tell you yet. I still have to work it out.”

She told me he continued playing the piano and making notes for half an hour, then he went upstairs to his study, telling her that he did not want anyone to disturb him, and remained there for two weeks.

“Each day I sent him up his meals,” she said, “and in the evening he walked a little for exercise⁷, then returned to his work again.”

“At last,” she said, “he appeared looking very pale and tired. In his hand he held two sheets of paper. “That’s it!” he told me, putting the sheets of paper on the table. And that was the theory of relativity”.

(Adapted)