- •To the Readers
- •Shortly About the Author
- •AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF A NOUN
- •THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS
- •REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
- •FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT
- •THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
- •THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
- •SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS
- •FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
- •PLURAL-ONLY NOUNS
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
- •MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS
- •THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF OTHER CHARACTERIZING WORDS - all, the whole
- •GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE CASE SYSTEM
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •ADJECTIVAL TYPE OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE HARD ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PLURAL ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
- •THE DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION AND THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE GENITIVE CASE
- •THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
- •THE GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
- •THE GENITIVE OF TIME
- •THE GENITIVE OF PLACE
- •THE GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
- •THE GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
- •THE GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
- •THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
- •THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
- •THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN VERB
- •THE INFINITIVE AS A BASE FOR THE VERB FORMS
- •THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
- •THE ASPECT
- •THE ASPECT IN THE TENSE SYSTEM
- •THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION
- •THE IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
- •IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY PATTERN
- •THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •FIRST GROUP, REGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
- •THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
- •MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
- •LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
- •USAGE (MEANING) OF THE ASPECTS
- •SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
- •A PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
- •MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
- •MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
- •POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE NEGATIVE OF THE POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- •RUSSIAN WORD ORDER
- •GENERAL REMARKS
- •BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING»
- •THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
- •UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
- •SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •THE TENSE FORMS AND THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE ASPECT PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •COMMON ADVERBS OF MEASURE AND GRADE
- •ADVERBS OF TIME
- •ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
- •THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE COMPOUND NEGATIVE
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GENITIVE OF PERSON
- •SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE CARDINALS
- •«HALVES»
- •THE ORDINAL NUMERALS
- •THE USE OF THE ORDINALS
- •NOUNS BASED ON NUMERALS
- •THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
- •THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
- •THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
- •PREPOSITIONS
- •ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •MOST COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
There are also 2 Aspect forms:
Imp. Perf.
одеватьñÿ / одетьñÿ
MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
The «true» Reflexives
A group of «true» Reflexives is limited to «grooming»verbs:
Imperfective
краситься
краситься
прич¸сываться
переодеваться
одеваться
раздеваться
обуваться
мыться
париться
умываться
купаться
бриться оказываться в готовиться
Part 8
Perfective |
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накраситься |
- to make up one's face |
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покраситься |
- to dye one's hair |
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причесаться |
- to do one's hair |
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переодеться |
- to change one's clothes |
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одеться |
- to dress oneself |
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раздеться |
- to undress oneself |
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обуться |
- to put on one's shoes |
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помыться |
- to wash oneself |
Constructions |
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попариться |
- to go to sauna |
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умыться |
- to wash one's hands and face |
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искупаться |
- to bathe oneself |
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побриться |
- to shave oneself |
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оказаться в |
- to find him/herself in/at |
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приготовиться - to get oneself ready |
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Verbs |
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page 123 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The Reflexives can be used in the sentences with inanimate objects and the action is presented as if preformed by itself:
Дверь открылась. The door opened.
Спектакль начинается â 1900. The performance starts at 1900.
Вдруг компьютер отключился. Suddenly the computer switched off. Во сколько открывается магазин? When does the shop open?
Ó ìåíÿ сломалась машина. My car broke.
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Imperfective |
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Perfective |
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also закрываться |
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закрыться |
- to close |
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включаться |
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включиться |
- to switch on |
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разливаться |
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разлиться |
- to spill |
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продолжаться |
продолжиться - to continue |
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уменьшаться |
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уменьшиться |
- to decrease, to lessen |
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увеличиваться |
увеличиться |
- to increase, to grow |
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улучшаться |
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улучшиться |
- to improve |
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ухудшаться |
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ухудшиться |
- to deteriorate |
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останавливаться |
остановиться |
- to stop |
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теряться |
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потеряться |
- to get lost |
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and some others |
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The Reflexives with the passive meaning |
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Reflexive suffix adds the passive meaning to many transitive verbs: |
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non - Reflexives |
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Reflexives |
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писать |
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Как это пишетñÿ? |
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Constructions |
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- How is this word spelt? |
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читать |
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Как читаетñÿ это слово? |
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- How is this word pronounced? |
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стирать |
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Как стираетñÿ этот свитер? |
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- How to wash this sweater? |
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переводить |
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Как переводитñÿ это слово? |
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- How is this word translated? |
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включать |
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Как включаетñÿ эта плита? |
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- How to switch on this stove? |
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находить |
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Где находитñÿ ýòîò áàíê? |
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- Where is this bank situated? |
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Part 8 |
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page 124 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The Reflexives are used to denote a purposeful action:
стараться/постараться - to try пытаться/попытаться - to attempt добиваться/добиться + gen. - to achieve
The Reflexives are used to describe human states or feelings:
Imperfective
бояться + gen. - to fear
испугаться + gen. - to get frightened казаться - to seem
надеяться на
Imperfective / Perfective
нравиться/понравиться + dat. - to like (used only impersonally) улыбаться/улыбнуться + dat. - to smile смеяться/посмеяться над + instr. - to laugh at
гордиться + instr. - to be proud of удивляться/удивиться + dat. - to be surprised беспокоиться/забеспокоиться - to worry волноваться/заволноваться - to get excited радоваться/обрадоваться + dat. - to rejoice
расстраиваться/расстроиться + из-за + gen. - to get upset сердиться/рассердиться на + acc. - to get angry with просыпаться/проснуться - to wake up высыпаться/выспаться - to have a good sleep напиваться/напиться - to get drunk
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Special case: Моя собака не кусается. |
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My dog does not bite. |
Notice! |
The Reflexives are also used to denote human activities or actions:
Imperfective
заниматься + instr. - to go in for, to study учиться - to study
Imperfective / Perfective
кататься/покататься - to ride |
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возвращаться/вернуться - to come back |
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увлекаться/увлечься - to get involved into |
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ошибаться/ошибиться - to make a mistake |
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Part 8 |
page 125 |
Verbs and Constructions
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
The Reflexives are used to denote a joint action: |
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Ìû познакомились в Москве. We met in Moscow. |
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Ìû с ним познакомились в Москве. |
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ß познакомился с ним в Москве. |
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Eugenia |
The counterpart is expressed by c + Instrumental - ñ íèì |
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Other verbs with a similar meaning: |
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Imperfective |
Perfective |
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договариваться |
договориться |
- to settle, to agree |
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видеться |
увидеться |
- to see each other |
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собираться |
собраться |
- to gather |
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жениться |
пожениться |
- to marry, to get married |
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здороваться |
поздороватьсяto say hello |
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прощаться |
проститься |
- to say good-bye |
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объединяться |
объединиться - to unite |
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разводиться |
развестись |
- to divorce |
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ссориться |
поссориться |
- to quarrel |
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мириться |
помириться |
- to settle peace |
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целоваться |
поцеловаться |
- to kiss |
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обниматься |
обняться |
- to embrace each other |
MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
The sentences with the modal verbs or constructions can be:
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Personal sentences |
or Impersonal sentences |
with ìî÷ü/смочь |
with íàäî or нужно |
with должен |
with можно/нельзя |
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with возможно/невозможно |
Part 8 |
page 126 |
Verbs and Constructions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
PERSONAL SENTENCES
Personal sentences with ìî÷ü/смочь + Infinitive,
ìî÷ü/смочь - can, be able to
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Present |
Past, Masc. |
Perfective: |
ìî÷ü |
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ÿ ìîãó / ÿ ìîã |
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Future |
Past |
Imperfective: |
смочь |
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ÿ смогу / ÿ ñìîã |
E.g. ß íå ìîãó приехать. I cannot come.
ßíå ñìîã приехать. I could not come./I failed to come.
Personal sentences with должен + infinitive
They express obligation, necessity or supposition, for example:
ßдолжен èäòè.
I have to go = I must go = I have to go.
Îíà должна сейчас приехать. She should be here soon.
Должен changes according to gender and number,
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like the Past Tense forms of the verbs: |
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Masc. |
ÿ, îí, òû должен |
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Fem. |
ÿ, îíà, òû должна |
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Pl. & Pol. |
ìû, âû, îíè должны |
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Verbs and |
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Part 8 |
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page 127 |
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
IMPERSONAL SENTENCES |
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Impersonal sentences with íàäî or нужно + infinitive. |
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They express necessity or obligation, for example: |
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Ìíå íàäî èäòè. |
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Eugenia |
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Ìíå нужно èäòè. |
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I have got to go. |
íàäî = нужно |
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I must go. |
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I have to go. |
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íàäî is more conversational. |
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Impersonal sentences with можно/нельзя + infinitive.
Sentences with можно denote permission:
Можно посмотреть?
May I see? May I have a look?
Sentences with можно also denote possibility:
Êàê можно туда доехать? How can I get there?
Sentences with нельзя denote prohibition:
Ñþäà нельзя! You may not come here!
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можно = нельзя |
Òóäà нельзя доехать на метро. You cannot get there by the subway.
Impersonal sentences with можно/невозможно + Infinitive denote possibility or impossibility:
ßдумаю, это возможно сделать. I think, it is possible to do this.
ßдумаю, это невозможно сделать. I think, it is impossible to do this.
Part 8 |
page 128 |
Verbs and Constructions