- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1 Elements of the Nervous System
- •2 Somatosensory System
- •3 Motor System
- •4 Brainstem
- •5 Cerebellum
- •6 Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System
- •7 Limbic System
- •8 Basal Ganglia
- •9 Cerebrum
- •10 Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System
- •Further Reading
- •Index
- •Abbreviations
- •1 Elements of the Nervous System
- •Elements of the Nervous System
- •Information Flow in the Nervous System
- •Synapses
- •Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- •Functional Groups of Neurons
- •Glial Cells
- •Development of the Nervous System
- •2 Somatosensory System
- •Peripheral Nerve, Dorsal Root Ganglion, Posterior Root
- •Peripheral Regulatory Circuits
- •Central Components of the Somatosensory System
- •Posterior and Anterior Spinocerebellar Tracts
- •Posterior Columns
- •Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
- •Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
- •Other Afferent Tracts of the Spinal Cord
- •Central Processing of Somatosensory Information
- •Somatosensory Deficits due to Lesions at Specific Sites along the Somatosensory Pathways
- •3 Motor System
- •Central Components of the Motor System and Clinical Syndromes of Lesions Affecting Them
- •Motor Cortical Areas
- •Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)
- •Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) Tract
- •Other Central Components of the Motor System
- •Lesions of Central Motor Pathways
- •Peripheral Components of the Motor System and Clinical Syndromes of Lesions Affecting Them
- •Clinical Syndromes of Motor Unit Lesions
- •Complex Clinical Syndromes due to Lesions of Specific Components of the Nervous System
- •Spinal Cord Syndromes
- •Vascular Spinal Cord Syndromes
- •Nerve Root Syndromes (Radicular Syndromes)
- •Plexus Syndromes
- •Peripheral Nerve Syndromes
- •Syndromes of the Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle
- •4 Brainstem
- •Surface Anatomy of the Brainstem
- •Medulla
- •Pons
- •Midbrain
- •Olfactory System (CN I)
- •Visual System (CN II)
- •Eye Movements (CN III, IV, and VI)
- •Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
- •Facial Nerve (CN VII) and Nervus Intermedius
- •Vagal System (CN IX, X, and the Cranial Portion of XI)
- •Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
- •Topographical Anatomy of the Brainstem
- •Internal Structure of the Brainstem
- •5 Cerebellum
- •Surface Anatomy
- •Internal Structure
- •Cerebellar Cortex
- •Cerebellar Nuclei
- •Connections of the Cerebellum with Other Parts of the Nervous System
- •Cerebellar Function and Cerebellar Syndromes
- •Vestibulocerebellum
- •Spinocerebellum
- •Cerebrocerebellum
- •Cerebellar Tumors
- •6 Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System
- •Location and Components of the Diencephalon
- •Functions of the Thalamus
- •Syndromes of Thalamic Lesions
- •Thalamic Vascular Syndromes
- •Epithalamus
- •Subthalamus
- •Hypothalamic Nuclei
- •Afferent and Efferent Projections of the Hypothalamus
- •Functions of the Hypothalamus
- •Sympathetic Nervous System
- •Parasympathetic Nervous System
- •Visceral and Referred Pain
- •7 Limbic System
- •Anatomical Overview
- •Internal and External Connections
- •Microanatomy of the Hippocampal Formation
- •Amygdala
- •Functions of the Limbic System
- •Types of Memory
- •8 Basal Ganglia
- •Preliminary Remarks on Terminology
- •The Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Motor System: Phylogenetic Aspects
- •Connections of the Basal Ganglia
- •Function and Dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia
- •Clinical Syndromes of Basal Ganglia Lesions
- •9 Cerebrum
- •Development
- •Gross Anatomy and Subdivision of the Cerebrum
- •Gyri and Sulci
- •Histological Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
- •Laminar Architecture
- •Cerebral White Matter
- •Projection Fibers
- •Association Fibers
- •Commissural Fibers
- •Functional Localization in the Cerebral Cortex
- •Primary Cortical Fields
- •Association Areas
- •Frontal Lobe
- •Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
- •Dura Mater
- •Arachnoid
- •Pia Mater
- •Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and Resorption
- •Arteries of the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae
- •Arteries of the Posterior Fossa
- •Collateral Circulation in the Brain
- •Dural Sinuses
- •Venous Drainage
- •Cerebral Ischemia
- •Arterial Hypoperfusion
- •Particular Cerebrovascular Syndromes
- •Impaired Venous Drainage from the Brain
- •Intracranial Hemorrhage
- •Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Nontraumatic)
- •Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- •Subdural and Epidural Hematoma
- •Impaired Venous Drainage
- •Spinal Cord Hemorrhage and Hematoma
- •Further Reading
- •Index
493
Further Reading
Barth, A., J. Bogousslavsky, F. Regli: The Clinical and Topographic Spectrum of Cerebellar Infarcts: A Clinical-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlation Study. Annals of Neurology 33 (1993) 451456
Bartholow, R.: Experimental investigations into the functions of the human brain. Amer. J. med. Sci 67 (1874) 305313
Bassetti, C., J. Bogousslavsky, A. Barth, F. Regli: Isolated infarcts of the pons. Neurology 46 (1996) 165175
Beevor, C. E., V. A. Horsley: An experimental investigation into the arrangement of th exitable fibres of the bonnet monkey. Phil. Trans. 181 B (1890) 4968
Bookheimer, S.: Functional MRI of Language. New Approaches to Understanding the Cortical Organization of Semantic Processing. Annual Rev. of Neuroscience 25 (2002) 151188
Brandt T., Kaplan, J. Dichgans, H. C. Diener, C. Kennard: Neurological Disorders, Course and Treatment. 2nd ed., Academic Press 2003
Brazis, P. W., I. C. Masdeu, I. Biller: Localization in Clinical Neurology. Little Brown & Co., Boston, New York, Toronto, London 1996
Broca, P.: Rémarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé. Bull. Soc. anat. Paris 36 (1861) 330357
Broca, P.: Recherches sur la localisation de la faculté du langage articulé. Exposé des titres et travaux scientifiques 1868
Broca, P.: Anatomie comparée circonvolutions cérébrales. Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la série des mammifères. Rev. anthropol. Ser. 2, 1 (1878) 384498
Brodal, A.: Neurological Anatomy. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1981.
Brodmann, K.: Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellaufbaus. Barth, Leipzig 1909; Neudruck 1925
Bucy, P. C.: Cortical extirpation in the treatment of involuntary movements. Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. 21 (1942) 551
Bucy, P. C.: The Precentral Motor Cortex. University of Illinois Press, Urban/III. 1944 Burnstock, G., M. Costa: Adrenergic Neurons.
Chapman & Hall, London 1975
Cajal, S. R.: Histologie du système nerveux de l’homme et des vértébrés. Maloine, Paris 19091911
Cajal, S. R.: Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates. Vol. I. [Annotated and edited translation of the original Spanish text with the additions of the French version]. P. Pasik, T. Pasik (eds.). Springer, Berlin 1999
Campbell, A. W.: Histological Studies on the Localisation of Cerebral Function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1905 Carpenter, M. B.: Core Text of Neuroanatomy.
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1978 Chan-Palay, V., C. Köhler (eds.): The Hippo-
campus New Vistas. Neurology and Neurobiology. Vol. 52, Alan R. Liss, Inc. New York 1989
Creutzfeld, O. D.: Cortex Cerebri. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo 1983 Cushing, H.: The field defects produced by temporal lobe lesions. Brain 44 (1922) 341
396
Cushing, H.: Intracranial Tumors: Notes upon a Series of Two Thousand Verified Cases. Thomas, Springfield/III, 1932
Duane, E., E. Haines: Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone 1997 Dejerine, J., G. Roussy: Le syndrome thalamique. Rev. neurol. 14 (1906) 521532 Denny-Brown, D.: The nature of apraxia. J.
nerv. ment. Dis. 126 (1958) 932
Dusser de Barenne, I. G.: Experimental researches on sensory localisations in the cerebral cortex. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 9 (1916) 355390
Duvernoy, H. M.: Human Brainstem Vessels. Springer, Berlin 1978
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
494 · Further Reading
Eccles, J. C.: The physiology of synapses. Springer, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg, New York 1964
Eccles, J. C., M. Ito, J. Szentágothai: The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine. Springer, Berlin 1967
v. Economo, C.: Zellaufbau der Großhirnrinde des Menschen. Springer, Berlin 1927
v. Economo, C., G. N. Koskinas: Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Springer, Wien 1925
Edinger, L.: Bau der nervösen Zentralorgane des Menschen und der Tiere. Bd. I und II, 7. Aufl., Vogel, Leipzig 1904
Feneis, H., W. Dauber: Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy, Based on the International Nomenclature. 4th ed., revised and enlarged. 2000 Thieme, Stuttgart 2000
Fetter, M., J. Dichgans: Oculomotor Abnormalities in Cerebellar Degeneration. In: Cerebellar Degenerations: clinical Neurobiology. A. Plaitakis (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1992
Flechsig, F.: Anatomie des menschlichen Gehirns und Rückenmarks auf myelogenetischer Grundlage. Bd. I., Thieme, Leipzig 1920
Flourens, P.: Recherches expérimentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés. Crevot, Paris 1824
Foerster, O.: Motorische Felder und Bahnen. In Bumke, O., O. Foerster: Handbuch der Neurologie, Bd. VI, Springer, Berlin 1936 Freeman, W., I. W. Watts: Psychosurgery.
Thomas, Springfield/III. 1942
Freeman, W., J. W. Watts: Psychosurgery in the Treatment of Mental Disorders and Intractable Pain. Thomas, Springfield/III. 1950
Freund, T. F., G. Buzsáki (eds.): Interneurons of the Hippocampus. Hippocampus 6 (1996) 347473
Friede, R. L.: Developmental Neuropathology. Springer, Berlin 1975
Frotscher, M., P. Kugler, U. Misgeld, K. Zilles: Neurotransmission in the Hippocampus. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and
Cell Biology, Vol. 111, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1988
Gazzaniga, M. S., I. E. Bogen, R. W. Sperry: Observation on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man. Brain 88 (1965) 221236
Gazzaniga, M. S., R. W. Sperry: language after section of the cerebral commissures. Brain 90 (1967) 131148
Gerstmann, J.: Syndrome of finger agnosia, disorientation for right or left, agraphia and acalculia: local diagnostica value. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 44 (1940) 389408
Geschwind, N.: Disconnection syndrome in animals and man, Part. I., Part II. brain 88 (1965) 237294, 585644
Geschwind, N.: W. Levitsky: Human brain, left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region. Science 16 (1968) 168187
Geschwind, N.: Language and the brain. Sci. Amer. 226 (1972) 7683
Gilman, S., J. R. Bloedel, R. Lechtenberg: Disorders of the Cerebellum. Davis, Philadelphia 1981
Grünbaum, A. S. F., C. S. A. Sherrington: Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of some of the higher apes. Proc. roy. Soc. Ser. B. 69 (1901) 206209 Gudden, B.: Experimentaluntersuchungen über das periphere und centrale Nervensystem. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 1870,
693723
Guillain, G., P. Mollaret : Deux cas de myoclonies synchrones et rythmées vélopharyn- golaryngo-oculo-diaphragmatiques. Rev. neurol. 2 (1931) 245566
Hassler, R.: Fiber connections within the extrapyramidal system. Confin. neurol. 36 (1974) 237255
Hassler, R., T. Riechert: Klinische und anatomische Befunde bei stereotaktischen Schmerzoperationen im Thalamus. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 200 (1959) 93122 Heiss, W.D., G. Pawlik, K. Herholz, K. Wienhard (eds.): Clinical Efficacy of Positron Emission Tomography (Proceedings of a Workshop held 2325 Oct. 1986 in
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Further Reading · 495
Cologne, FRG; sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities as Advised by the Committee on Medical and Public Health Research). Developments in Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 12. Springer, Berlin 1987
Hirsch, M. C., T. Kramer (Hrsg.): Neuroanatomy 3 D, Stereoscopy. Atlas of the Human Brain. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999 Hubel, D. H., T. N. Wiesel: Ferrier lecture: Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex. Proc. roy. Soc. Serv. B
198 (1977) 159
Hubel, D. H., T. N. Wiesel, P. M. Stryker: Anatomical demonstration of orientation columns in macaque monkey. J. comp. Neurol. 177 (1978) 361397
Jacobsen, C. F. : Functions of frontal association areas in primates. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 33 (1935) 558569
Jannetta, P. J.: Arterial compression of the trigeminal nerve at the pons in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 26 (1967) 150162
Jannetta, P. J., M. H. Benett: The Pathophysiology of Trigeminal Neuralgia. In: The Cranial Nerves, ed. by M. Samii and P. J. Jannetta, Springer 1981, 312315
Jannetta, P. J.: Vascular Decompression in the Trigeminal Neuralgia. In: The Cranial nerves, ed. By M. Samii and P. J. Jannetta, Springer 1981, 331340
Jones, E. G., A. Peters: Cerebral Cortex. Vol. 1 6, Plenum, New York 19841987
Jung, R., R. Hassler: The extrapyramidal motor system. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, Bd. 2, hrsg. von J. Field, H. W. Magoun, V. E. Hall, American Physiological Society, Washington 1960
Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwartz, T. M. Jessell: Principles of Neural Science. 3rd Edition, Appleton & Lange 1991
Kahle, W., M. Frotscher: Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy. 5th ed. Vol. 3: Nervous System and Sensory Organs. Thieme, Stuttgart 2003
Klüver, H.: “The temporal lobe syndrome” produced by bilateral ablations. In: Neuro-
logical Basis of Behaviour (pp. 175182), Ciba Found. Symp. Churchill, London 1958 Klüver, H., P. Bucy: Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 42
(1939) 9791000
Kolb, B., I. Whishaw (Hrsg.): Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. 4. Aufl., W. H. Friedman & Company, New York 1996 Kretschmann H. J., W. Weinrich: Cranial Neuroimaging and Clinical Neuroanatomy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography. 3rd ed., revised and
expanded. Thieme, Stuttgart 2004
Lang, J.: Topographical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves. In: The Cranial Nerves, ed. by M. Samii and P. J. Jannetta, Pringer, 1981, 615
Luria, A.: Higher Cortical Function in Man. Basic Books, New York 1966
Masur, H.: Scales & Scores in Neurology. Thieme, Stuttgart 2004
Milner, B.: Brain mechanisms suggested by studies of temporal lobes. In Millikan, C. H., F. L. Darley: Brain Mechanism Underlying Speech and Language. Grune & Stratton, New York 1967
Milner, B., W. Penfield: The effect of hippocampal lesion on recent memory. Trans. Amer. neurol. Asso. 80 (1955) 4248
Mishkin, M.: Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature 273 (1978) 297298
Mumenthaler, M.: Neurologic Differential Diagnosis. 2nd ed. Thieme, Stuttgart 1992 Nissl, F.: Experimentalergebnisse zur Frage der Hirnrindenschichtung. Mschr. Psy-
chiat. Neurol. 23 (1908) 186188 Ojemann, G. A., P. Fedio, J. M. van Buren:
Anomia from pulvinar and subcortical parietal stimulation. Brain 91 (1968) 99 116
Orrison, W. W. jun.: Atlas of Brain Functions. Thieme, Stuttgart 1995
Papez, J. W.: A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 38 (1937) 72543
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
496 · Further Reading
Penfield, W., B. Milner: Memory deficit produced by bilateral lesions in the hippocampal zone. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 79 (1958) 475497
Penfield, W., T. Rasmussen: The Cerebral Cortex of Man. Macmillan, New York 1950 Penfield, W., L. Roberts: Speech and Brain Mechanisms. Princeton University Press,
Princetown/N.J. 1959
Peters, A., S. L. Palay, H. F. Webster: The Fine Structure of the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, New York 1991
Ross, A. T., W. E. De Myer: Isolated syndrome of the medial longitudinal fasciculus in man. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 15, 1966
Samii, M., P. J. Jannetta, ed.: The Cranial Nerves. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1981
Sherrington, C. S.: The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. Scribner, New York 1906; Cambridge University Press, London 1947
Smith, A., C. Burklund: Dominant hemispherectomy. Science 153 (1966) 1280 1282
Sperry, R. W.: Cerebral organization and behavior. Science 133 (1961) 17491757 Sperry, R. W.: The great cerebral commissure.
Sci. Amer. 210 (1964) 4252
Stephan, H.: Allocortex, In: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie, Bd. IV/9, ed. by W. Bargmann, Springer, Berlin 1975 Tessier-Lavigne, M., C. S. Goodman: The molecular biology of axon guidance.
Science 274 (1996) 11231133
Tatu, L., T. Moulin, J. Bogousslavsky, H. Duvernoy: Arterial territories of the human brain. Neurology 50 (1998), 16991708 Thompson, P. D., B. L. Day: The Anatomy and Physiology of Cerebellar Disease. Advances
in Neurology, Raven Press 1993
Vogt, O., C. Vogt: Allgemeine Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung. J. Psych. 25, Erg. H. 1, 1925
Wall, M., S. H. Wray: The “One and a Half” syndrome. A unilateral disorder of the pontine tegmentum. Neurology (Chic.) 33 (1983) 971980
Warwick, R.: Representation of the extraocular muscles with oculomotorius nuclei of the monkey. J. comp. Neurol. 98 (1953) 449503
Warwick, R.: Oculomotor organization. In: Bender, M. B.: The Oculomotor System, Harper & Row, New York 1964
Wässle, H., B. B. Boycott: Functional architecture of the mammalian retina. Physiol. Rev. 71 (1991) 447480
Wernicke, C.: Der aphasische Symptomenkomplex, eine psychologische Studie auf anatomischer Basis. Cohn & Weigert, Breslau 1874.
Zigmond, M. J., F. E. Bloom, S. C. Landis, J. L. Roberts, L. R. Squire: Fundamental Neuroscience. Academic Press, San Diego, London, Boston 1999
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.