Administration and Scheduling of Multiple Injections

• There are no contraindications to giving multiple injections at the same clinic visit. There is no increase in side effects, reduced vaccine effectiveness, or reduced parental compliance.

•When administering two biological products in the same limb, separate the two injections by a distance of at least 1–2" so that local reactions are unlikely to overlap.

•Because of its greater muscle mas, use the vastus lateralis as the preferred site for two simultaneous IM injections in infants and preschoolers.

•Give all vaccines a cl ient is eligible for at every visit.This means fewer office visits and fewer periods of discomfort. It increases the probability that children will be fully immunized at the appropriate age.

•Do not administer rabies immune globulin in the deltoid; this site is for vaccine administration.

Measures to be Taken Prior to Immunization to Ease Distressor Pain

More a nd more, m easures are being suggested in the literature f or reducing t he pa in a nd di stress associated with vaccination. Here are some of them:

Injection site

•Apply pressure to the injection site for 10 seconds before and after the injection.

•Lightly tap the injection site to stimulate the nerve endings.

•Allow the injection site to dry after wiping with an alcohol swab.

•Insert the needle quickly and firmly into the injection site for IM injections. There are no data on the effects of injection speed on pain.

•Do not aspirate. A study has shown that aspiration before an IM injection is more painful and takes longer to administer than nonaspiration- . Furthermore, a spiration cannot be pe rformed wit h certainsyringes, for example, the pre-filled syringe for the HPV vaccine (Gardasil).

•During the injection, stabilize the syringe to prevent it from moving.

•Withdraw the needle quickly (IM injections) at the same angle as it was inserted.

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Pharmaceutical techniques

•Acetaminophen or similar medication (not aspirin) can be administered prior to the injection.

•Local anesthetics (EMLA) are currently available in pharmacies and can be used to produce superficial anesthesia at the injectionsite. However, it should not be used if completing a TST.

•In clinical trials, it was shown that there was no interaction between the topical anesthetic (EMLA) and the immune responseto vaccines f or he patitis B Recombivax( HB ); di phtheria, pe rtussi, t etanus and poli o (Quadracel); haemophilus influenzae type B (Pentacel, Act-Hib); and measles, mumps, rubella (MMRII) for all age groups from birth to 6 years.

•	Because the e ffect	of EMLA on	the	immuneresponse	to nya	o ther v accine is	n ot okwn, it	is not
	recommended that this product be used with othervaccines. If this product has been applied, useanother
	vaccination site.
•	It i s r ecommended	t hat p arents	wh o	wish t o use	t hese	p roducts s trictly	f ollow the	manufacturer’s

instructions and check the contraindications, precautions, and possible side effects before using.

Other techniques

•A child who is dry, fed, and properly dressed will react less strongly to painful stimulation.

• Immediately after the injection, an adult should take the baby into their arms; offeringa pacifier, a bottle, or the breast will make it easier to calm and reassure the baby.

•Caressing or rocking a child after an injection will reduce crying or pain.

•For older children, distraction or behaviour modification measures can be used. Ask the child to breathe or blow hard, as if blowing out a candle or making soap bubbles; tell a story; play music; or ask the child to count or squeeze hard on the hand of the mother or caregiver.

Positions

• Have t he person a dopt a c omfortable p osition t o aowll t he limb t o relax. Internal r otation of the dis tal extremities to an injection reduces tissue trauma and pain when the injection is administered in the dorso gluteal muscle.

•Having the childs it on the parent’s lap in such away that they do not move during the injection can make it less traumatizing for the child.

•Ask the parent to uncover the child’s right or left leg up as far as the top of the thigh.The child should be seated on the parent’s lap.

•Place one of the child’s arms behind the parent, under the parent’s arm. The child’s other arm is controlled

with the parent’s arm and hand. In the case of children under 1 year of age, the parent can control both arms with one hand.

•The parent firmly holds the child’s legs and feet between his or her thighs and controls them with the other hand.

Nova Scotia Immunization Manual—Chapter 8: Immunization Techniques

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Immunization Record

It is important to record the following information in the immunization record, following certain standards.

•If records are kept on paper, write legibly in ink. Erasures are not permitted; if a mistake is made, put a single stroke through the incorrect entry, write “error” above it and initial the change.

•If records are kept electronically, they are considered valid if the professional who performed the procedure is identified.

•The following items must be included:

–the date the agent was administered

–the time the agent was administered (optional)

–the trade name of the agent

–the lot number of the agent

–the amount administered

–the injection site

–the administration route

–the surname, first initial(s),and professional title of the person who administered the vaccine

– any a dverse event(s) t hat occurred following t he vaccination; i f t here were a dverse e vents, a reporting form must be completed

•The following information must be recorded in the user’s immunization record:

–the date the agent was administered

–the trade name of the agent

–the amount administered

–the administration route

–the professional’s signature

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Nova Scotia Immunization Manual—Chapter 8:Immunization Techniques

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