- •41. Main sources of phraseological units
- •42. Phraseology and its boundaries.
- •46. Parameters of linguistic dictionaries
- •47. Main types of dictionaries
- •48. What are the main characteristics of a learners dictionary?
- •43. Principles of classification of ph u
- •1) Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •2) Structural classification of phraseological units
- •50. Variants and dialects of contemporary English
- •45. The fundamental problems of dictionary compilation
- •49. Thesaurus
- •44. The simile
- •39. Free Wgroups as compaired to ph units. Classification of Wgroups according to their motivation.
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •38. Types of valency.
- •31. The principle semantic processes change of meaning (m)
- •1.Causes:
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •3.Nature of semantic change
- •40. Phraseological units as compared to words & sentences
- •11. The complex units of w-b: w-b cluster, row, category
- •12. The functional aspect of w-b system: productivity and activity. The main means of w-b in English
- •13. Affixation and prefixation in contemporary e.
- •Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes.
- •15) Word composition. Classification of compounds
- •17) Etymology. What makes it important for contemporary Lex. The role and place of borrowings in e
- •20) Loan translation
- •18) Causes and ways of borrowings. Criteria of b
- •16) Unpatterned means of w-building. Sound interchange
- •19) Assimilation of Borrowings. Degrees of Ass and factors determining it.
- •14) Conversion. Basi criteria of semantic derivation
- •21. Name the main periods when English experienced the influx of borrowings
- •22.Compare Scandinavian and French influence on English
- •23.Ethymological doublets
- •24. The layers of Latin borrowings in English. Their influence on the system of English w-building
- •25.The Norman conquest and its impact on English
- •26. Word mng. Approaches to defining it
- •27. Types, varieties and aspects of mng.
- •28. The fundamental features of w mng.
- •29. Polysemy, its sources. Polysemy & homonymy. Sources of homonyms. Classification of homonyms.
- •30. The main types of semantic relations between mngs.
- •36. T basic principles of grouping Ws together (см типы словарей)
- •2. Types of lex-l nomination Eng
- •35. Synchronic & diachronic approaches to variability of w m
- •34. What is a paradigm? Paradigmatic & syntgmatic approaches to t study of m.
- •33. Semantic contrasts & antonymy
- •32. Semantic equivalence & synonymy. Types of synonyms. Sources of synonyms.
- •Ideographic(denotational) stylistic(ideographic-stylistic)
- •Borrowing
- •3. The morphological structure of the w. Morphemes & allomorphs. The morphological meaning of the w.
- •4. The main principles of morphemes.
- •10. The main sources of enriching voc:
- •5. Classification of morphemes.
- •2) Semantically:
- •6. Procedure of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of ws.
- •7. The main aim, principles & methods of derivational analysis.
- •8. The main units of derivational analysis: Basic units
- •Affixes: mono-polysemantic
- •May be 3 types of d Base
- •9. Derivational patterns.
38. Types of valency.
Valency – the conventional mutual expectancy of Ws in all types of Wgroups
irrespective of the degree of structural & semantic cohesion(слияние)k∂u’hi:Ʒ(∂)n of their components.
the power of a W to combine with other Ws in speech
Lexical grammatical
Grammatical valency – the aptness of a W to appear in certain grammatical (syntactic) patterns/structures
The pattern of a Wgroup – the minimal gr-l context in which Ws are used when brouhgt together to form Wgroups.
The range of gr-l V is delimited by the p of speech the W belongs to.
The gr-l V of each individual W is dependent on the gr-l structure of the L
Though Gr V is predetermined to a large extent by grammar rules
it is still different for each particular W
to offer/to suggest
! In dif L-ges correlative (соответствующие) Ws may differ greatly as to their V
smile at улыбаться кому-л
enter a room войти в комнату
The differences in Gr-l variants of correlative Ws are usu accounted for by
-
their semantic differences
-
differences in the structure of the L
Lexical valency – the aptness of a W to appear in certain combinations with other lexical units
! Свободной сочетаемости (free collocability) не существует!
Even well & bad are restricted to some extent
There is a certain norm of Lex V for each W & any departure from it is felt as a literary or stylistic device
a cigarette ago, to shove a question
Ws habitually used in speech tend to constitute a cliché
win a victory, put forward a question
The lex-l V of correlated Ws in dif L-ges is not identical
комнатные цветы – pot flowers
Smtimes the volume of semantics of the semantic structure in one L & its correlative in another L don’t coexist
? bury the trash – похоронить прах
to accompany 1. аккомпанировать
-
сопровождать кого-л (– в рус нет этого значения)
Dif M-ings of a W may be described through the possible types of lex-l contexts
through the lex-l V of the W
heavy book drinker industry
rain sleep
Individual M-ings of a polysemantic W may be described through its gr-l valency
keen sight keen on sports keen to know
Wgroups may distinguish dif M-ings of a Polysemantic W
31. The principle semantic processes change of meaning (m)
It is necessary to discriminate between
1) the causes of semantic change (WHY the W changed its M)
2) the results (WHAT was changed+‼denotational components)&
-
the nature of the process of the change of M (HOW various changes of M were brought about)
1.Causes:
Linguistic restrictions:
1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
All Ws in a L form Wgroups & sentences if Wcombinations don’t violate the syntax (+grammar) of the L
A
child smiles – a
smiles child
lift x clever at mathematics
raise
a question mathematics
at clever
The restrictions of Lex V may manifest itselves in the Lex-l M-ings of the polysemantic members of Wgroups
heavy
food, meals, supper but heavy
cheese, sausage
– dif to digest
+ Ws make Wgroups in speech if their semantical structures are compatible (сочетаемы)
-
extralinguistic changes in the life of the speech community
economic & social structure
as reflected in W M-ings ideas, scientific concepts
way of life &
other spheres of human activities
Car ultimately goes back to Latin carrus which meant “a four-wheeled wagon”
Now denotes “a motor-car”, “a railway carriage(USA)”, “”that portion of an airship, or baloon which is intended to carry personnel, cargo or equipment
-
linguistic factors acting within the L system
1. ellipsis Starve Old Eng “to die”now “to die of hunger”
usu used (ME) sterven of hunger
2.discrimination of synonyms
land Old Eng both “solid part of earth’s surface” now mainly the 1st M
‘the territory of a nation’country
the M is constantly changing. The change of M has
2.results:
(Semantic changes in the denotational component may bring about)
Changes in the denotational M
-
the extention
arrive in old Eng was ‘to come by sea’
-
the restriction of M = narrowing
hound was ‘a dog of any breed’ ‘a dog used in the chase’
deer old Eng ‘a beast’ олень
-
specialisation – the W with the new M comes to be used in the specialized
vocabulary of some limited group within the speech commumity
to glide ‘to move gently & smoothly’(restr+spec) ‘to fly with no engine’(a glider)
desemantisation – some features of hte M are lost
awful –dreadful awfully need smth – ‘awfully’ is only an intensifier
-
generalization – the W with the specialized M passes from the specialized vocabulary into common use
camp was a military term ‘the place where troops are lodged in tents’ (ext+gen) ‘temporary quarters’ (of travellers..)
the change in the connotational component may result in
deterioration=degradation – the acquisition by the W of some
T pejorative development of M derogatory emotive charge ['pi:dʒ(∂)r∂tiv]
boor was ‘a villager, a peasant’ ‘a clumsy, ill-bred fellow’
idiot ‘uneducated person’ now a curse W
amelioration = elevation – T ameliorative [∂'mi:lj∂r∂tiv] development of M – T attitude to T referent is changed – T improvement of T connotational component of M
minister ‘a servant, an attendant’ ‘a civil servant of higher rank’
liberal – in the past ‘with loose morale’ now ‘open mind’