Part III Text 1. Pjsc “apatit”

Public joint stock company (PJSC) "Apatit" is the largest producer of phosphoric raw materials in Europe. The company was founded in 1929 on the base of unique reserves of apatite-nepheline ore deposit of Khibiny group. The apatite-nepheline ores are unique in terms of their mineral composition. On their base it is possible to produce five concentrates which can be used in many industrial sectors.  PJSC "Apatit" is a city-building enterprise and on this bases the city Kirovsk and Apatity with 120 thousand population were constructed. Substantial housing resources, culture palaces, hotels, recreation centres, sport complexes and other units create the large social infrastructure.

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Text 2. Geological and mining engineering

 This branch of engineering includes activities related to the discovery and exploration of mineral deposits and the financing, construction, development, operation, recovery, processing, purification, and marketing of crude minerals and mineral products. The mining engineer is trained in historical geology, mineralogy, paleontology, and geophysics, and employs such tools as the seismograph and the magnetometer for the location of ore or petroleum deposits beneath the surface of the earth. The surveying and drawing of geological maps and sections is an important part of the work of the engineering geologist, who is also responsible for determining whether the geological structure of a given location is suitable for the building of such large structures as dams.

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Text 3. Mining

A mineral is generally defined as any naturally occurring substance of definite chemical composition and consistent physical properties. An ore is a mineral or combination of minerals from which a useful substance, such as a metal, can be extracted and marketed at a price that will recover the costs of mining and processing and yield a profit. The naturally occurring substances are usually divided into metalliferous ores, such as the ores of gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc, tin, and manganese, and nonmetalliferous minerals, such as coal, quartz, bauxite, trona, borax, asbestos, talc, feldspar, and phosphate rock. Building and ornamental stones, which form a separate group, include slate, marble, limestone, traprock, travertine, and granite.

Most minerals are found in veins, or tabular-shaped deposits of nonsedimentary origin, often dipping at high angles; in beds, or seams, which are tabular deposits conforming to the stratification of enclosing rocks; and as masses, or large ore bodies of irregular shape standing at any angle. Gold, diamonds, tin, and platinum are often found in placers, or deposits of sand and gravel containing particles of the mineral.

Mining, in its broadest sense, is the process of obtaining useful minerals from the earth’s crust. The process includes excavations in underground mines and surface excavations in open-pit, or opencut (strip) mines. In addition, recent technological developments may soon make economically feasible the mining of metallic ores from the seafloor. Mining normally means an operation that involves the physical removal of rock and earth. A number of substances, notably natural gas, petroleum, and some sulfur, are produced by methods (primarily drilling) that are not classified as mining.

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NOTES:

• manganese – марганец;

• bauxite – боксит;

• open-pit mine – открытые горные работы;

• drilling - бурение.