Reading of endings -(e)s, -(e)d

The ending -(e)s of plural forms of nouns and of the 3^rd singular present indefinite of verbs is read

	how	when
a)	[s]	after voiceless consonants;
b)	[z]	after vowels, voiced consonants and sonorants;
c)	[ız]	after [s], [z], [∫], , [t∫], .

The ending -(e)d of regular forms of verbs is read

	how	when
a)	[d]	after vowels, voiced consonants and sonorants;
b)	[t]	after voiceless consonants
c)	[ıd]	after [t], [d]

Ex. 7.11 ( , track 10)

Each line contains either verbs or adjectives ending in <-ed>, or verbs or nouns ending in <-s>. Decide which is the odd one out in terms of the way that the ending is pronounced. Then check your answer with the recording.

Example: seas picks pays digs

1	picked	stopped	robbed	taped
2	wanted	shaped	estimated	congratulated
3	shops	digs	robs	codes
4	judges	horses	names	wishes
5	trapped	faked	hoped	faded
6	wicked	picked	tricked	licked

Ex. 7.12 Read the words according to the rule:

a) with the ending -(e)s

inches, hands, chiefs, shoes, maps, boxes, safes, dishes, machines, roofs, classes, wives, babies, benches, books, bottles, boys, brings, burns, buzzes, cages, capes, cars, catches, cats, checks, clashes, clings, clocks, crooks, dates, dishes, doctors, dresses, edges, faces, feeds, fetches, fifths, fingers, foxes, gains, gnats, hooks, hopes, horses, jobs, kites, knives, knows, ladies, leaps, lies, matches, moths, noses, nurses, pages, papers, parts, phones, pies, picks, pipes, places, pumps, roses, seats, sites, skies, sofas, swims, taxes, teachers, thinks, ties, trays, wages, waves, weeks, wives, writers.

b) with the ending -(e)d

acted, added, advised, agreed, begged, called, camped, carried, compiled, composed, concreted, concurred, crashed, decided, defended, diffe­red, dressed, ended, enjoyed, entered, explained, failed, finished, fired, followed, founded, handed, hoped, hurried, joked, listed, listened, looked, marked, mended, opened, packed, painted, placed, pronounced, pumped, reminded, rested, roun­ded, sacked, shouted, seemed, seized, skated, smoked, started, stayed, robbed, tacked, talked, turned, typed, waited, walked, washed, packed, arrived, moved, worked, played, needed, smashed, ended.

Ex. 7.13 Put the words into columns:

a) with the ending -(e)s

[s]	[z]	[Iz]

Cats, touches, drops, pencils, coats, poses, gods, cured, ports, causes, fits, its, adds, tends, courses, boxes, mottos, toes, heroes, saves, boxes, spies, memories, tomatoes, drivers, potatoes, matches, plays, pockets, fingers, sources, marches, invalids, secrets.

b) with the ending -(e)d

[t]	[d]	[Id]

Forced, recorded, swamped, saved, treated, brushed, connected, viewed, waited, stopped, used, enjoyed, needed, tended, dressed, helped, danced, opened, played, counted, decided, answered, wanted, cried, studied, traveled, used, skipped, stopped, hated, trusted, published, switched, named, sounded.

Ex. 7.14 Find the odd word:

1. noses, pieces, years, dresses, dollies.

2. stopped, used, traveled, smelled, agreed.

3. pens, hens, pets, lessons, heads.

4. coasted, ended, resulted, resisted, suffered.

5. tips, backs, points, models.

6. places, matches, cases, shocks.

7. passed, worked, dropped, needed.

8. hated, promoted, landed, licked.

Ex. 7.15 Add the word according to the rule:

1. toys, arms, fingers, hairs, ...

2. displeased, smelled, pervaded, ...

3. secrets, tickets, shocks, foots, ...

4. hands, legs, years, eyes, ...

Ex. 7.16 Find a way from Start to Finish. You may not pass a square if the word contains the sound [z]. You can move horizontally or vertically only.

start

↓

spots	squares	prize	since	six	sports
streets	wise	sells	sits	exact	escapes
rice	rise	sense	science	lose	lost
oasis	desert	smokes	songs	crisps	box
place	face	snacks	seas	voice	boxes
plays	phase	nose	smiles	focus	concert

↑finish

Ex. 7.17 The pronunciation of the possessive “s” is the same as for plural endings. For example: Peter’s [z], John’s [z], Philips [s], Steph’s [s], Gearge’s [Iz], Alice’s [Iz].

Put the words in italics in the correct column, according to the pronunciation of the possessive “s”.

a month’s holiday Jane’s dog the horse’s mouth Joe’s ambition Uncle Toby’s Mr. Walsh’s car Beth’s doll the judge’s decision

Liz’s mother the Jones’s children the government’s duty the boys’ father the world’s resources a wasp’s nest a week’s pay

[z]	[s]	[Iz]

Ex. 7.18 Read the text, underline the past verbs with –ed ending and explain the rule of reading.

Robin Tailor was born in Birmingham on the 27th of December 1958. His mother died the same day. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor adopted him. In 1960, the Taylor family immigrated to Perth in Western Australia. Last year, Robin was in Britain on holiday. He traveled to Birmingham and asked about his family. He discovered that he had a twin brother! Robin phoned a BBC radio programme and told his story. He asked for information about his brother. That afternoon he received a phone call from Perth in Scotland. The next day he went to Scotland and met his brother for the first time.

Ex. 7.19 Read the proverbs. Explain the rules of reading.

1. He laughs best who laughs last.

2. What can’t be cured must be endured.

3. Exception proves the rule.

4. Nothing ventured, nothing gained.

5. Where the shoe pinches.

6. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

7. It’s the early bird that catches the worm.

8. The devil is not so black as it’s painted.

9. Still waters run deep.