It conceptualizes and classifies our experience and

names some objects spoken about.

It fulfills the significative and the communicative functions and is regarded as the central factor in the functioning of the lg.

The connotative meaning is the pragmatic communicative value the word receives, by virtue of where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose and in what contexts it is or may be used. It consists of 4 main types:

• stylistic,

• emotional,

• evaluative and

• expressive ( intensifying).

Stylistic connotation concerns :

• the situation in which the word is uttered,

• the social circumstances (formal, familiar, etc.), the social relations btw. the interlocutors (polite, rough),

• the type and purpose of communication (learned, poetic, official, etc.) Horse::steed::nag::gee-gee.

An emotional ( affective) connotation

corresponds to emotional situations or the association of the referent with emotions:

“Tired with all this for restful death I cry”.

Beseech “to ask eagerly and anxiously”.

Evaluative connotation

expresses approval or disapproval:

magic (positive):: witchcraft:: sorcery (negative).

Bias words involve ideological viewpoints and are characteristic of the newspaper vocabulary: “Black is beautiful”, “Black Power”,

Backward students< underachievers. Undeveloped countries-lessdeveloped – developing countries.

The intensifying (expressive, emphatic) connotation :

Magnificent, gorgeous, splendid, superb.

Beastly weather, beastly cold (emotional, colloquial, censure, intensity).

Shut up! (displeasure).

There, there – just you sit down! (friendliness)

Terrific ‘frightening’, ‘very, very good’ – terrific beauty.

Ever, quite, absolutely – intensifiers (no denotative m-g)

Implicational meaning

is the implied information

• associated with the word it refers to and

• what the speakers know about the referent.

• It is a potential often realized in the derivatives (wolf-wolfish).

The Semantic Structure of a Word

is a structured set of interrelated lexical variants with different denotational and connotational meanings.

Word meaning

Lexical meaning

• the realization of concept or emotion by means of a definite language system.

Grammatical meaning

Expression in speech of relationships between words based on contrastive features of arrangements in which they occur

Lexico-grammatical meaning

Common System of forms and characteristic formulas of semantic and morphological structure and a characteristic set of derivational affixes

- the meaning proper to the linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions

+

-

Denotative

Connotational

Significative

Demonstrative

or

TYPES OF CONNOTATIONS

ARNOL D	I. Evaluative.
	celebrated well known for... notorious
	II. Emotional/Effective
	anger – indignation - rage
	III. Expressive/Intensifying
	ire- rage
	IV. Stylistic (bookish, formal...)

Emotional Excitement induced by intense displeasure	Indignation	righteous generous intensify of anger
	Anger	merely the emotional reaction
	Ire	greater intensity (literary)
	Rage	adds the implication of lost self-control a sense of frustration, temporary derangement of the mind
	Choler	anger (bookish)

PRAGMATIC CONNOTATIONS

A N T R U S H I N A	Of	Cause = causative flush (from modesty, shame) redden (from anger)
		Manner Trot - pace
		Duration Stare, glimpse
		Att. Circumstances peep (through a hole) peer (through the fog)
		Att. Features Handsome: fine proportions tall statue Beautiful: classical features & perfect figure Pretty: small delicate features

express judgement of a person/ thing which is contem-plated perceived with sensuous aethetic pleasure	BEAUTIFUL LOVELY HANDSOME PRETTY BONNY GOOD-LOOKING		the riskiest in significance very strong implication excites the keenest pleasure of senses, mind and soul keen emotional delight rather than intellectual or spiritual but little emotions! a judgement of approval smth pleasant to look upon perfect in form, taste, proportion pleases by its delicacy, grace, charm rather than elegance, style, perfection + diminutiveness / exquisiteness pleasing qualities: sweetness, simplicity, healthiness, plumpness handsome, but pretty less expressive than handsome (Br. scot.)
To take rest by a suspension of conscious-ness (mystery-ous state, sleep)		SLEEP KIP NAP DOZE SNOOZE SHUT-EYE		The periodical repose To lie down to sleep intentionally short (slang) Intentionally a short, light sleep esp. in the day-time Falling asleep for a brief period unintentionally naturally casual, slangy are not aware of (coll)

The Semantic Structure of a Polysemantic Word is a structured set of interrelated lexical variants with different denotational and connotational meanings.

The elements are interrelated due to the existence of some common semantic component. Every meaning is characterized according to: