Disturb
verb
1. to interrupt someone and stop them from continuing what they were doing
2. to upset and worry someone a lot
3. to make something move
4. to frighten wild animals or birds so that they run away
5. to do something that stops a place or situation from being pleasant, calm, or peaceful
Different meanings of the word “disturb” have a very complicated interdependence between one another. While “disturb 1” shares some components of its meaning with “disturb 2”, the former is also connected to “disturb 5” and “disturb 3”. “Disturb 3”, for its part, has some common components with “disturb 4” which is connected to “disturb 2”. Thus, the most suitable model of polysemy is a mixed one which is represented below:
DISTURB
Motivation
Мотивированность – внутренняя форма языковых наименований, возникающая как обязательное следствие вторичной номинации, разделяет всю лексику на мотивированную и немотивированную. Мотивированность может быть морфологической (morphological), фонетической (phonetical) и семантической (semantic).
Morphological motivation takes place when a direct connection between the structural pattern of the word and its meaning can be observed.
e.g. “railway” = “rail” + “way”. 2 morphemes given together define the lexical meaning => the
word is morphologically motivated.
“auntie” = “aunt” + “-ie” (earlier form of -y suffix which is now considered to be diminutive) => the word is morphologically motivated.
“gas-invaded” = these two root morphemes denote the meaning of something invaded with
gas => the word is also morphologically motivated.
Phonetical motivation denotes the phenomenon when the phonetic composition of the word determines its meaning.
No phonetically motivated words can be found in the poem, but this type of motivation can be examplified by the following sound clusters:
“sp” – is usually used in words denoting the flow of water: splash, spill, spatter, spurt, spout etc.
“gl” - is usually associated with light and fire: glisten, glow, glitter, glimpse, glare etc.
Semantic motivation denotes the relationship between the central and the coexisting meaning or meanings of a word which are understood as a metaphorical extension of the central meaning. Metaphorical extension may be viewed as generalization of the denotational meaning of a word permitting it to include new referents which are in some way like the original class of referents.
e.g. "The old Great Western Railway ran...” – here the word “ran” is semantically motivated (the
metaphorical usage of an inanimate noun).
Lexical and grammatical meanings
Lexical meaning of the word may be described as the component of meaning proper to the word as a linguistic unit, i.e. recurrent in all the forms of this word.
e.g.
distant
1. a : separated in space : away <a mile distant>
b : situated at a great distance : far-off <a distant galaxy>
c : separated by a great distance from each other : far apart
d : far behind <finished a distant third>
2. separated in a relationship other than spatial <a distant cousin> <the distant past>
3. different in kind <from two very distant backgrounds>
4. reserved or aloof in personal relationship : cold <was distant and distracted>
5. a : going a long distance <distant voyages>
b : concerned with remote things <distant thoughts>
sky
1. the upper atmosphere or expanse of space that constitutes an apparent great vault or arch
over the earth
2. heaven 2
3. a : weather in the upper atmosphere
b : climate <temperate English skies>
day
1. a : the time of light between one night and the next
b : daylight
c : daytime
2. the period of rotation of a planet (as earth) or a moon on its axis
3. the mean solar day of 24 hours beginning at mean midnight
4. a specified day or date
5. a specified time or period : age <in grandfather's day>
6. the conflict or contention of the day <played hard and won the day>
7. the time established by usage or law for work, school, or business
preach
intransitive verb
1. to deliver a sermon
2. to urge acceptance or abandonment of an idea or course of action; specifically : to exhort
in an officious or tiresome manner
transitive verb
1. to set forth in a sermon <preach the gospel>
2. to advocate earnestly <preached revolution>
3. to deliver (as a sermon) publicly
4. to bring, put, or affect by preaching <preached the … church out of debt — American
Guide Series: Virginia>
grey
1. a : of the color grey
b : tending toward grey <blue-grey eyes>
c : dull in color
2. having the hair grey : hoary
3. clothed in grey
4. a : lacking cheer or brightness in mood, outlook, style, or flavor; <a grey day>
b : prosaically ordinary : dull, uninteresting
5. having an intermediate and often vaguely defined position, condition, or character <an
ethically grey area>
Grammatical meaning may be defined as the component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words, as, for example, the tense meaning in the word-forms of verbs (asked, thought, walked etc.) or the case meaning in the word-forms of various nouns (girl’s, boy’s, night’s etc).
e.g.
beside
It’s a preposition, simple, invariable. Together with “those spires” it functions as an adverbial modifier of place.
someone
It is an indefinite pronoun which functions as a subject.
devoutly
It is an adverb of manner, simple, invariable.
enriched
It is a Participle II, non-finite form of the verb to enrich. It denotes a state and functions in the sentence as an attribute.
way
It’s a common abstract noun in the common case, simple, countable, singular. In the sentence (being a part of the phrase “in such a way”) it functions as an adverbial modifier of manner.
reached
It’s an action verb, regular, in its finite form, in the Indicative Mood, in the Past Simple, in the 3rd person plural, in the Active voice, in the common aspect, Non-perfect. In the sentence it functions as a simple verbal predicate.
simple
It is an adjective in the positive form, invariable, in the sentence it functions as an attribute.
entrance
It is a common concrete noun in the common case, simple, countable, singular. In the sentence it functions as an object.
makes
It is an action verb, irregular, in its finite form, in the Indicative mood, in the Present Simple, in the 3rd person singular, in the Active voice, in the common aspect, Non-perfect. It functions as a simple verbal predicate in the sentence.
sorry
It’s an adjective in the positive form, invariable, in the sentence it functions as part of an object.
Synonyms
Synonyms can be defined in terms of linguistics as two or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable, at least in some contexts without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning, but differing in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotations, style, valency and idiomatic use.
The synonymic dominant is the most general term of its kind potentially containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of the group.
e.g. “run” – trot, jog, pace etc. The synonymic dominant is “run”.
“smell” – odour, aroma, scent, fragrance. The synonymic dominant is “smell”.
Classification of synonyms (Palmer)
1) Synonyms belonging to different dialects:
e.g. “football”(Br.) – soccer (Am.), “tram” (Br.) – street car (Am.), “railway” (Br.) – railroad (Am.)
2) Synonyms used in different styles or registers:
e.g. “football” – the beautiful game. While the former is neutral, the latter is informal.
3) Synonyms wirh diference in cognitive meaning:
e.g. “rector” (a parson or incumbent of a parish whose tithes are not impropriate) – vicar (a clergyman appointed to act as priest of a parish from which he does not receive tithes but a stipend)
4) Synonyms may express the same concept but differ in attitude and or emotion:
e.g. “sin” – misdeed (wrongful act implied by misdeed does not necessarily suggest hurt to others, used to avoid offense).
5) Collocationally restricted synonyms:
e.g. “great” – mammoth – gargantuan
We can say “great expectations”, but we can’t say “mamoth expectations” or “gargantuan expectations” (the word mammoth is usually used with the word “task” while the word “gargantuan” collocates with words related to food, e.g. “gargantuan appetite”).