Directions
Ex. Look at the photo. What do you see?
Now look at the next photo. Can you tell what you see?
Answer the questions.
What types of buoys are there on the picture?
What shapes of buoys are indicated there? What do they mean?
What do you need to escape collision in the region of heavy traffic?
Ex. Scan the text. What is it about? Title the text
__________________
When approaching some port, anchorage, entering or passing through narrow channels or canals the navigator should be guided by special instructions. These instructions are given in the form of recommendations. As a rule several courses are recommended for ships proceeding from different directions. They will help the ship to avoid dangers and choose the correct course.
Usually conspicuous landmarks are used to show the direction of approach to some place. These may be lighthouses, water towers, summits of mountain, lights on some constructions, spires of churches, chimneys and other conspicuous objects seen from seaward.
Two conspicuous objects brought in line from seaward may lead the ship clear of dangerous into the port, roadstead, bay, anchorage, etc. This line is called a leading line.
Other recommendations are often given in directions. They may refer to the effect of wind, tidal stream, currents, character of bottom, etc.
Read the text quickly and find the paragraphs that contain the answer to each of these questions
What is meant by them? In what form are they given?
Why are several courses recommended for ships?
What landmarks are used to show the direction of approach?
What line may lead the ship clear of dangers?
What is understood by a leading line?
Are the statements true or false?
The navigator guides by special instructions only when approaching to some ports.
Directions will help the ship to avoid dangers and choose the correct course.
Lighthouses, water towers, summits of mountain, lights on some constructions can be the necessary landmarks.
Three conspicuous objects brought in line from seaward may lead the ship clear of dangerous into the port.
Grammar: The Passive
Look at these sentences. They are in the passive voice.
The navigator should be guided by special instructions
These instructions are given in the form of recommendations.
When do we use the Passive Voice? Find the examples of Passive voice in the text, read the example. What is the aim to use the Passive Voice?
Choose the right variant of the verbs:
Navigator uses/is used the directions to pass through narrow channels.
Directions give/ are given in the form of recommendations.
Conspicuous landmarks use/ are used to show the direction of approach to some place.
Directions may/may not refer to the effect of wind, tidal stream, currents, character of bottom, etc.
Ask questions using the model:
Model: On account of the tidal eddies this is not recommended.
For what reason is this entrance not recommended?
Owing to shoals this course is not recommended on account.
On account of reefs passage through this channel is not advisable.
Owing to contrary winds entering this bay is not advisable.