- •Vocabulary List
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Scanning
- •Skimmimg
- •Vocabulary Work
- •Suggest Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.
- •Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text.
- •Match the expressions on the left (a) with their proper translation on the right (b).
- •Guess the concept of the following definitions.
- •Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word-combinations in which these words can be used.
- •Match the words on the left (a) with their definitions on the right (b) and give their Russian equivalents.
- •Put in the missing letters.
- •Match the adjectives with similar meanings.
- •Match the nouns with similar meanings.
- •The letters in the words are mixed up (jumbled). Guess the words!
- •Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
- •Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
- •XIII. Refresh all the active word-combinations that contain prepositions in their structure. Then fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box.
- •XIV. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary.
- •Remember if these juridical noun-terms from Chapter 21 are countable, uncountable or both.
- •Give your own examples illustrating the fact that the nouns from the 3d column can be both countable and uncountable.
- •II. Read and translate the following sentences. Compare the use of these nouns in italics when they are countable and uncountable, comment on the use of articles or on their absence.
- •III. At first read the definitions of the nouns that are always uncountable. Then analyse the examples of their usage in the context in Chapter 21.
- •IV. At first read the definitions of the nouns that are always countable. Then analyse the examples of their usage in the context in Chapter 21.
- •Say whether the following statements are true (t) or false (f). Explain why.
- •Answer the questions about the text.
- •III. Draw up the plan for rendering the text and then summarize it.
- •IV. Find the information on the Internet on the following themes and make presentations in class.
- •V. Discuss the following issues. (Points for discussion)
- •Watch some other videos on the young persons’ issues and prepare a summary of one of them for the group (including a list of new words).
III. At first read the definitions of the nouns that are always uncountable. Then analyse the examples of their usage in the context in Chapter 21.
CONFIDENCE – 1. feeling sb/sth is good [U] the feeling that you can trust someone or sth to be good, work well, or produce good results: ▪ Our first priority is to maintain the customer's confidence in our product.
have confidence in sb/sth: ▪ The managament have confidence in his ability.
…the interviewer should gain the child’s confidence. (p. 283)
CUSTODY - 1. [U] CARE the legal right or duty to care for someone or sth, especially a child after its parents have separated or died: The court awarded/granted/gave custody of the child to the father.; 2. [U] PRISON the state of being kept in prison, especially while waiting to go to court for trial: You will be remanded in custody until your trial.
sending young offenders away from home into custody (p. 280)
after a number of years in custody (p. 281)
EVIDENCE – 1. [U] facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true: ▪ There is some evidence for this theory.; 2. [uncountable] information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty: ▪ He refused to give evidence at the trial.
Grammar note: Evidence is an uncountable noun and has no plural form. Use a singular verb after it: ▪ Vital evidence was destroyed.
This will help everyone to assess the evidence. (p. 284)
If children have to go to court to give evidence… (p. 284)
…the NSPCC produced a video for children entitled Giving evidence… (p. 284)
…but give evidence to everyone… (p. 284)
GUILT - [U] 1. a feeling of worry or unhappiness that you have because you have done sth wrong, such as causing harm to another person; 2. responsibility, the fact of having done sth wrong or committed a crime
The purpose of such trial was to determine guilt… (p. 281)
INTIMIDATION – [U] frightening or threatening someone, usually in order to persuade them to do sth that you want them to do: The campaign of violence and intimidation against them intensifies daily.
…The trial process should not itself expose the young defendant to avoidable intimidation, humiliation or distress… (p. 281)
PERMISSION - [U] when someone is officially allowed to do sth
Grammar note: Permission is an uncountable noun. It is not used with 'a', and is not usually used with 'the' unless it is followed by 'of': ▪ Interviews can be taped only with the permission of the interviewee.
Reproduced with permission. (p. 285)
PROBATION – [U] 1. a system that allows some criminals not to go to prison or to leave prison, if they behave well and see a probation officer regularly, for a particular period of time: ▪ The judge sentenced Jennings to three years' probation.
WELFARE – [U] 1. someone's welfare is their health and happiness: ▪ Our only concern is the children's welfare.; 2. help that is provided for people who have personal or social problems; 3. American English money that is paid by the government in the US to people who are very poor or unemployed; synonym benefit British English: ▪ Most of the people in this neighborhood are on welfare.
…the child’s welfare shall be the court’s paramount consideration. (p. 277)
…to concern themselves with ‘child welfare’ (p. 286)