Nvn She has received a letter

NVNN I have taught him English.

NVpN John lives in London

NVD It happened yesterday.

N is N Jane is a student.

N is A She is pretty.

Syntactic process

The relationship between an elementary sentence and a sentence whose structure exceeds its limits may be treated as that between an unextended one and extended one and extended one. Turning an elementary sentence into an extended one is achieved by means of some syntactic processes, such as expensive, complication, extension, appention and insertion.

Expansive is addition to a certain syntactic element of some other elements of the some syntactic status. The simplest kind of expansion is reduplication (repetition). It may be the whole part of sentence or its component:

The phone rang and rang.

Life is terrible, terrible, terrible.

The aim of reduplication is emphasis for the some of emotional effect.

But in most cases during expansion the identity of the syntactic status of elements is combined with the difference of their lexical filling:

He shrugged. He groaned. - He shrugged. He groaned.

It should be noted that the common part of the elements may remain non-expanded.

Her voice was high and was steady – Her voice was high and steady.

Complication is conversion of a simple syntactic structure into a compound one:

He laughed - He began to laugh.

The complication of a direct object is achieved by adding an infinitive or a participle to a noun or pronoun:

I saw him.

I saw him walk (walking)

He walked.

Contamination is of two varieties of predicate, their peculiar crossing:

The moon rose.

The moon rose red.

The moon was red.

By extension we mean extension of one part of sentence by another one, which depends on it. On the basis of extension appear difference syntactic groups – noun ones, verb ones, adjective ones:

N – AN (a table – a big table)

V – VD (ran – ran quickly)

A – DA (good- very good)

Appension is similar to extension, but the elements used for appention are particles: the same – just the same, now – right now.

Insertion is the including of parenthetic elements into a sentence, such as modal words or words of address. These elements are not parts of sentence:

However, he finished the book.

My dear friend, I was glad to hear from you again.