- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
Predicative complexes that function only as adverbial modifiers are usually called absolute constructions where 'absolute' means independent. From the point of view of their transformational potential, absolute constructions also fall into two types in the same way as objective constructions do.
1) Constructions with verbals as their second part. When these constructions are transformed into clauses they retain their predicate part, which then takes a proper tense-aspect form. She sat on the porch, Mary playing with her doll — She sat on the porch, and (while) Mary was playing with her doll The clauses resulting from such transformations usually have a simple verbal predicate.
2) Constructions with non-verbals: an adjective, an adverb or a noun(with a preposition) as their second part.When these are transformed into clauses, a proper form of the link verb to be must be introduced. as these constructions lack a verbal component of their own (He marched out of the room, his head high up -He marched out of the room and his head was high up)
Absolute constructions may have two forms: non-prepositional and prepositional. The latter is introduced by the preposition WITH (in the case of the Inf. construction it may be without).In non-prepositional absolute constructions the nominal part is either a noun or a noun-pronoun (except a personal one) in the common case, or a pronoun in the nominative case. Constructions of this type are called absolute nominative constructions (Dinner over) Non-prepositional absolute constructions are: the absolute nominative with participle I construction, theabsolute nominative with participle II construction, the absolute nominative with the infinitive constr., the absolute nominative with the adjective construction, the absolute nominative with the adverb construction, the absolute nominative with a prepositional noun construction. The Absolute Nominative with Participle I Construction is the most ferquently used. The absolute nominative with participle I construction is generally used as an adverbial of reason or of attendant circumstances, although sometimes it is an adverbial of time.
29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
The For-to-Infinitive Constructions is a predicative constr. in which the nominal part (a noun/noun-propoun except a personal pronoun in the common case, or a personal pronoun in the objective case) is introduced by the preposition FOR while the predicate part is an infinitive with the particle TO. The construction functions as: 1) Subject- it usually follows introductory IT and is very seldom placed before the predicate ( It was practically impossible for them to meet anyboy) 2) Predicative- the usual link-verb is TO BE (That is not for me to decide) 3) Object- the construction can be used as an indirect non-recipient object of certain verbs (to ask,to watch) and adjectives (anxious,eager,impatient,sorry,willing) - I watched for him to appear through the bushes 4) Attribute- it modifies nouns or indefinite and universal pronouns (She gave orders for everyone to stop packing) 5) Adverbial modifier a) of purpose ( I rang for you to show the lady out) b) of consequence (The chance was too good for Jack to miss it) The Gerundial Predicative Construction is a predicative constr. is a predicative complex in which the nominal part is generally a noun/noun-pronoun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case. The construction may be: 1) Subject- is used either with or without introductory IT (Your doing nothing won't help anybody) 2) Predicative- (The only way out will be his taking the job) 3) Object- the construction may be either direct object to a verb or an indirect non-recipient object to a verb or adjective (She liked his worrying about his wife) 4) Attribute- is generally used with the preposition OF, although other prepositions are possible (The prospect of smo else getting a job moved them to strong moral indignation) 5) Adv.modifier- is always introduced by a prepositions: a) of time(After his being away for some time the crisis came) b) of attendant circumstances ( The car slid away without my having to say anything) c) of concession ( In spite of its being cold the bushes swarmed with insects)