7) Поэтический функциональный стиль.

‘steed’ or ‘charger’ for ‘horse’, ‘welkin’ for ‘sky’, ‘vale’ for ‘valley’

“Romeo and Juliet” (1597)

Архаизмы:

Romeo: Good morrow to you both.

архаические морфологические формы:

Mercutio: I am done: for thou hast more of the wild goose in one of thy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five.

Juliet: I pray thee speak.

оксюмороны:

Mercutio: Thy wit is a very bitter sweeting…

художественные сравнения:

Mercutio: Without his roe, like a dried herring.

аллюзии:

Mercutio: Laura to his lady was a kitchen wench …, Cleopatra a gypsy, Helen and Hero hildings and harlots…

олицетворения и эпитеты:

Friar: The gray-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night…

Абстрактные существительные: true-love passion, satisfaction, joy, death, life, hate, grace, virtue, vice, justice, revenge.

Оценочные прилагательные: honorable, gracious, courageous, courteous, faithful, bold, brave.

Малое кол-во конкретных существительных: worms’ meat (= flesh), burning eye (=the sun.)

Поэтическая орфография:

Juliet: You kiss by th’ book. (“Romeo and Juliet”);

Second Capulet: By’r Lady, thirty years. (“Romeo and Juliet”).

Mercutio: …Through lovers’ brains, and then they dream of love;

O’er courtiers’ knees, that dream of curtsies straight;

O’er lawyers’ fingers who straight dream on fees;

O’er ladies’ lips, who straight on kisses dream… (“Romeo and Juliet”)

Poetic diction (особый поэтический язык).

Twilight (George Gordon Byron)

It is the hour when from the boughs

The nightingale’s high note is heard;

It is the hour when lovers’ vows

Seem sweet in every whispered word;

And gentle winds and waters near,

Make music to the lovely ear,

Each flower the dews have lightly wet,

And in the sky the stars are met,

And on the wave is deeper blue,

And on the leaf is browner hue,

And in the heaven that clear obscure,

So softly dark, and darkly pure,

Which follows the decline of day,

As twilight melts beneath the moon away.

Thomas Sternes Eliot: «Никакая поэзия, конечно, не может быть тождественной тому, что поэт говорит или слышит в разговоре, но она должна находиться в таком отношении к разговорной речи его времени, чтобы читатель или слушатель мог сказать: «вот так я должен был бы говорить, если бы мог говорить стихами» (Elliot T.S. Selected Prose. A Collection / Ed. by J. Hayward. — Penguin Books, 1958. - P. 58.)

Поэтические дублеты: meadow – mead, sleep – slumber, glad – gladsome, sport – disport, die –wither, ship – argosy.

Попробуйте восстановить пропущенный стилистически не маркированный (=нейтральный) член следующих оппозиций: lore- …,to ponder - …, surcease - …, to implore - …, token - …, quoth - … (“Raven” by E. A. Poe)

Стиль художественной литературы (belles-letters style or the style of imaginative literature).

Задания к занятию 1.

1) Термины для запоминания: stylistics, parody, pastiche, expressive means, pitch, a sing-song manner of speech, drawling, belles-letters style or the style of imaginative literature, high-flown words, functional style.

2) Назовите 5 основных речевых стилей по традиционной классификации Гальперина.

3) Дайте понравившееся определение стиля и стилистики. Объясните свой выбор. Расскажите о сфере стилистических исследований.

1. Приведите свои примеры литературной стилизации и пародии.

Объясните разницу между этими терминами.

2. Стилистика языка vs. стилистика речи.

3. Опишите основные этапы становления поэтического стиля.

4. Проанализируйте один из сонетов В. Шекспира как яркий пример классического поэтического стиля.

5. Проблема выделения стиля художественной литературы.

6. Подготовьте выступление о У. Черчилле.

Занятие 2.

Ораторский стиль. Нейтральный стиль.

Официально-канцелярский стиль.

Научный стиль. Стиль СМИ. Разговорный стиль. Сленг.

1) Ораторский стиль (oratorical style). Collective hearer.

Еvaluative words.

“IRON CURTAIN SPEECH”

Winston Churchill gave this speech at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri, after receiving an honorary degree. With typical oratorical skills, Church introduced the phrase "Iron Curtain" to describe the division between Western powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union. As such the speech marks the onset of the Cold War. The speech was very long, and here excerpts are presented.

The United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a solemn moment for the American democracy. For with this primacy in power is also joined an awe-inspiring accountability to the future. As you look around you, you must feel not only the sense of duty done, but also you must feel anxiety lest you fall below the level of achievement.

It is necessary that constancy of mind, persistency of purpose, and the grand simplicity of decision shall rule and guide the conduct of the English-speaking peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement.

I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in Britain -- and I doubt not here also -- toward the peoples of all the Russia …

It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.

The safety of the world, ladies and gentlemen, requires a unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast. It is from the quarrels of the strong parent races in Europe that the world wars we have witnessed, or which occurred in former times, have sprung.

Twice the United States has had to send several millions of its young men across the Atlantic to fight the wars. But now we all can find any nation, wherever it may dwell, between dusk and dawn. Surely we should work with conscious purpose for a grand pacification of Europe within the structure of the United Nations and in accordance with our Charter.

In a great number of countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout the world, Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist center. Except in the British Commonwealth and in the United States where Communism is in its infancy, the Communist parties or fifth columns constitute a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilization.

The outlook is also anxious in the Far East and especially in Manchuria. The agreement which was made at Yalta, to which I was a party, was extremely favorable to Soviet Russia, but it was made at a time when no one could say that the German war might not extend all through the summer and autumn of 1945 and when the Japanese war was expected by the best judges to last for a further eighteen months from the end of the German war.

I repulse the idea that a new war is inevitable -- still more that it is imminent. It is because I am sure that our fortunes are still in our own hands and that we hold the power to save the future, that I feel the duty to speak out now that I have the occasion and the opportunity to do so.

I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines.

But what we have to consider here today while time remains, is the permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers will not be removed by closing our eyes to them. They will not be removed by mere waiting to see what happens; nor will they be removed by a policy of appeasement.

What is needed is a settlement, and the longer this is delayed, the more difficult it will be and the greater our dangers will become.

From what I have seen of our Russian friends and allies during the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness.

For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound. We cannot afford, if we can help it, to work on narrow margins, offering temptations to a trial of strength.

Last time I saw it all coming and I cried aloud to my own fellow countrymen and to the world, but no one paid any attention. Up till the year 1933 or even 1935, Germany might have been saved from the awful fate which has overtaken her and we might all have been spared the miseries Hitler let loose upon mankind.

There never was a war in history easier to prevent by timely action than the one which has just desolated such great areas of the globe. It could have been prevented, in my belief, without the firing of a single shot, and Germany might be powerful, prosperous and honored today; but no one would listen and one by one we were all sucked into the awful whirlpool.

We must not let it happen again. This can only be achieved by reaching now, in 1946, a good understanding on all points with Russia under the general authority of the United Nations Organization and by the maintenance of that good understanding through many peaceful years, by the whole strength of the English-speaking world and all its connections.

If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealth be added to that of the United States, with all that such cooperation implies in the air, on the sea, all over the globe, and in science and in industry, and in moral force, there will be no quivering, precarious balance of power to offer its temptation to ambition or adventure. On the contrary there will be an overwhelming assurance of security. If we adhere faithfully to the Charter of the United Nations and walk forward in sedate and sober strength, seeking no one's land or treasure, seeking to lay no arbitrary control upon the thoughts of men, if all British moral and material forces and convictions are joined with your own in fraternal association, the high roads of the future will be clear, not only for us but for all, not only for our time but for a century to come. (Winston Churchill - March 5, 1946)

2) Официально-канцелярский стиль (official style). Адресант (addresser) и адресат (addressee).

Business correspondence. Written patterns.

Opening phrases	Binding phrases	Closing phrases
We have received your letter of…	We express confidence that… We are sure (confident) that…	Your early reply will be appreciated.
We thank you for your letter of…	At the same time we would like to remind you that…	If we can be of any assistance please do not hesitate to contact us.
In reply (response) to your letter of…	We find (consider) it necessary (important, reasonable) to note…	We look forward to hearing from you.
With reference to…	Apart from the above said…	Please inform us (let us know) in the shortest possible time.
We are pleased to inform you that…	In addition to the above… In case of your refusal…	Up (on) receipt of this letter please telex your confirmation (consent).
We are sorry (we regret) to inform you that…	We would welcome the opportunity…	We would like to assure you…
In connection with our letter of…	It is self-understood… It goes without saying…	We wish to maintain cooperation with you.
We apologize for..	We wish to draw your attention to the fact that…	Your prompt execution of our order will be appreciated.
We regret (we are sorry, we are surprised)) to learn from your letter that…	In this connection… In view of the above said… In connection of your request..	We shall not fail to contact (get in touch with) our organizations, manufacturers..
We have to remind you that…	Otherwise we shall have… Moreover… Nevertheless…	We assure you that we take prompt action (urgent measures) to remedy (correct) the situation.
We have pleasure in offering you…	As to your request (order, claim)…In the first place… In fact (actual fact, actually)… We cannot accept this point of view for the following reasons…	We are expecting your representatives (officials, engineers) to arrive for the talks.
You are no doubt aware that…	The matter is…The point is…	Yours faithfully
Please note that…	In case of delay in delivery (payment, sending specialists)…	Yours truly
We enclose a copy of a letter from… about (in connection with)…	We are having no difficulty in…We have to admit that…	Yours sincerely

CORRESPONDENCE PERTAINING TO COMPLETION OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

Dear Sirs,

Please note that we are completing the contractual obligations under our contract for the construction of the Power Station and are making arrangements to take back to Russia part of the building equipment and unused materials brought in on a re-exportation basis.

As you know it has recently become standard practice to sell building equipment and unused materials in the country of the Customer upon completion of the works on a “turn-key” basis. We intend to use it in the situation.

Since you have expressed intention to have the first option in purchasing our building equipment, we are sending you a list of our equipment and materials available for sale in your country.

All the equipment is serviceable and is going to be sold complete with a standard set of spare parts. The equipment will be available at reasonable prices and allowance is made for depreciation.

The prices do not include import duties, which should be paid by the Buyer in compliance with the customs regulations in force in your country.

Inspection of the equipment and materials can be made at any time convenient for you.

Yours faithfully,

3) Научный стиль (scientific style). Noun modifiers: AIDS=Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Книжные слова: perform, cardinal, comprise, susceptible, analogous, approximate, calculation, circular, heterogeneous, initial, internal, maximum, minimum, respectively, simultaneous. Noun phrases: at the time of our arrival вместо when we arrived или when we arrive. Безличные формы: It should be borne in mind, it may be seen и конструкции с ‘one’: one may write, one may show, one may assume, one can readily see.

“The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor” by George Lakoff

Imagine a love relationship described as follows: Our relationship has hit a dead-end street. Here love is being conceptualized as a journey, with the implication that the relationship is stalled, that the lovers cannot keep going the way they've been going, that they must turn back, or abandon the relationship altogether. English has many everyday expressions that are based on a conceptualization of love as a journey, and they are used not just for talking about love, but for reasoning about it as well. Some are necessarily about love; others can be understood that way: Look how far we've come. It's been a long, bumpy road. We can't turn back now. We're at a crossroads. We may have to go our separate ways. These are ordinary, everyday English expressions. They are not poetic, nor are they necessarily used for special rhetorical effect. Those like Look how far we've come, which aren't necessarily about love, can readily be understood as being about love. Is there a general principle governing how these linguistic expressions about journeys are used to characterize love? Is there a general principle governing how our patterns of inference about journeys are used to reason about love when expressions such as these are used?

The answer to both is yes. It is part of the conceptual system underlying English: It is a principle for understanding the domain of love in terms of the domain of journeys. The principle can be stated informally as a metaphorical scenario: The lovers are travelers on a journey together, with their common life goals seen as destinations to be reached. The relationship is seen as fulfilling its purpose as long as it allows them to make progress toward their common goals. The journey isn't easy. There are impediments, and there are places (crossroads) where a decision has to be made about which direction to go in and whether to keep traveling together. More technically, the metaphor can be understood as a mapping (in the mathematical sense) from a source domain (in this case, journeys) to a target domain (in this case, love). The mapping is tightly structured. There are ontological correspondences, according to which entities in the domain of love (e.g., the lovers, their common goals, their difficulties, the love relationship, etc.) correspond systematically to entities in the domain of a journey (the travelers, the vehicle, destinations, etc.).

4) Стиль СМИ (newspaper or publicistic style). Headlines: “15-year term for shoe fetish rapist” или “Stingray kills TV croc hunter Irwin”. “British tourist shot dead” или “Man arrested after brothers die in fire”.

Why mothers are ditching the nanny to hire a 'manny'

By Alexandra Frean

WORKING mothers are increasingly keen to hire a man to look after their children rather than bring a young, attractive female nanny into their homes, according to a childcare recruitment agency.

A survey of 1,500 families by the agency, Tinies, suggests that attitudes are changing towards male nannies — or “mannies”, as they are known.

Eight out of ten parents said that it was more acceptable now than ten years ago to hire a male nanny, while 94 per cent said that they would consider hiring a man for the job. A fifth said that they knew of a family who already had a male nanny.

However, only 4 per cent of people working in the childcare industry are men. There are about 12,500 men registered as childcarers — up from 8,500 in 2003.

Oliver Black, the agency’s director, said that female insecurity, jealousy and mistrust were key factors in the change.“Our research shows that the threat of an attractive female nanny is certainly an issue,” he said.

Working fathers, however, were far less concerned by the thought of hiring an attractive male nanny, possibly because they believed that a man who worked with children would not be a threat.

However, despite their popularity mannies are in short supply because few men consider going into childcare. “Attitudes are certainly changing,” said Mr Black. “Mothers, especially, are now more than happy to leave their children in the care of an experienced and qualified male childcarer. “However, there are very few male nannies and nursery staff out there. The ones we have placed have always been a great success.” Mr Black said that it was very important to get the right person for the job, whether male or female. “Qualifications, references, a criminal records check, experience and a face-to-face interview are crucial in appointing a quality nanny.”

Experts have long called for more men to work in childcare, arguing that children would benefit from exposure to a wider range of positive role models. For the child of a single mother, for example, a male carer may be the only male role model in his or her early years.

However, many men are deterred by the low pay, poor terms and conditions, lack of career progression and the perception that childcare is “women’s work”. The Government has been trying to widen the pool of talent entering childcare, fearing that without more men its plans to expand childcare — including the ambitious extended schools programme — might fail.

A spokeswoman for the Department for Education said: “We believe that male workers have a lot to offer children, including acting as positive role models. “We provide local authorities with money to recruit and train childcare workers, including £14 million for recruitment in 2004-06, and our childcare recruitment campaign has used a range of initiatives to target under-represented groups, including men.”