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PART II

THE OIL-AND-GAS AND CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

FACULTY

1. a) Read the words and study them by heart. Make up three sentences Сwith the new words.

handling operations – погрузочно-разгрузочные работы construction – стро тельство, сооружение

equipment – оборудование

иcotter pin – шпл нт, разводная чека
gasket – прокладка сальника
impurity – грязь, пр месь
concrete –
utility – коммунальныйбетон
linkage – сцепление
prevention – предупреждение, предотвращение
	Д
resource inputs – сырьевые ресурсы
maintenance – техническоеАобслуживание
condition – состояние, условие
occasion – причина, повод		И
to eliminate – устранять

comprehensive mechanization – комплексная механизация lock washer – замковая шайба

lock wire – замковая проволока transmission case – коро ка передач

final drive gear case – ведущая шестерня коробки передач crank case – картер (коленчатого вала)

to acquire – приобретать, овладевать to reveal – обнаруживать

to remedy – исправлять

to supply – снабжать, восполнять compound – смесь

deficiency – отсутствие, нехватка

b) Get acquainted with the names of construction machinery. What is the function of every type of machinery?

winch – лебедка ripper – рыхлитель digger – экскаватор

revolving shovel – вращающийся экскаватор ditcher – экскаватор с обратной лопатой batcher – дозатор

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spreader – разбрасыватель сыпучих материалов planner – ровнитель, планировщик

roller – каток

2.	Answer the questions.
1.	What do you know about this faculty?
С
2.	Is it interesting to study here?
3.	What general-educational and specialized subjects do the students study?
4.	What qualification will you get after graduation?

3. Pay attention to the pronunciation of these letter combinations.

-ture	[t∫ə]	structure, lecture, temperatures;
-tion, -sion [∫n]		construction, automation, conditions, inspection, operation,
transmission, organization, mechanization, production;
-qu-	[kw] equipment, qualification, quite, qualified.
и4. Read and translate the text. How many parts can it be divided into?
Entitle each part.
	THE OIL-AND-GAS AND CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
		FACULTY
	The faculty was formed in 1962 after splitting of the Mechanical
		Д

Faculty	into two separate ones: the Automobile Transport and the Road-
making	MachineryбАfaculties. From 2000 to 2009 it was called Transport

Technological Machinery faculty, and since 2010 it has had its present name. In 1963 a candidate of technical sciences, associate professor K.A. Artemyev

was elected the first dean of the faculty.

И

During 35 years the faculty trained engineers only of one broad background speciality: Hoist transport, Construction, Road-making machinery and equipment. About five thousand qualified mechanical engineers were prepared during that time. But in 1990s and 2000s new specialities were opened:

1)comprehensive mechanization and automation of handling operations;

2)construction machinery and equipment;

3)road-making and utility machinery;

4)hydro-linkage of construction and road-making machinery;

5)machinery and equipment for construction and repair of oil and gas pipelines;

6)service and technical operation of transport and technological machinery;

7)automation of technological operations and production in construction;

8)operation and maintenance of transport and technological machinery.

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Now students of this faculty are trained in the following qualifications: Hoist-transport, Construction, Road-making Machinery and Equipment, Service of Transport and Technological Machinery and Equipment (petroleum product provision and gas supply), Service of Transport and

Transport-technological Machinery and Equipment (oil-and-gas production). They are given Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees and diplomas of engineers. Preparation for Master’s degree is also conducted in Theory, Designing Technological, Hoist-transport and Road-making machinery.

Сunits and parts. They listen to the theoretical courses of lectures, fulfill lab works, and acquire practical experience in the workshops of the institute and in field conditions. Each student should study different types and repair of the machinery.

Students study the types and purposes of the machines, their structure,

иrepairs are only made when occasion arises. The machinery will work properly if when making repairs you replace all locks, lock washers, lock

Each operator should keep in mind that for a long period of use it is wise

Besides,бАeach operator should know how to prepare machinery for use. He should give the machine a detailed inspection to reveal defects, which have to be remedied before the machine is put into operation; then he fills the fuel tank, taking care that no dirt, water or other foreign substances are admitted with the fuel; then he fills the radiator with clear water, or with the proper anti-freeze compound if temperatures below freezing. Mind, that water without any impurities should be used; then he examines the oil level in the crank case, transmission case and final drive gear cases and if necessary

to have any machine in its best possible condition. It is considered that

wires, cotter pins and gaskets with new ones. Thereby a great deal of unnecessary work and trouble will be eliminated.

Since the first days of its existenceДthe faculty has paid great attention to the training of scientific manpower. As far back as autumn of 1947 the

supplies the deficiency.

postgraduate course under the guidance of Professor A. I. Anokhin began to work. Now postgraduate courses are offered practically on all the sub departments of the faculty. Since 1972 defense of dissertations has been

carried out at the academy.	И
Successful implementation of scientific research and training students

greatly depend on the level of development of material and technical basis. By the end of 1960s it included a mobile tensometric laboratory, test benches, a research laboratory “Earth canal” for carrying out year-round research of Road-making Machinery and a scientific production ground where different modifications of Road-making Machinery were represented.

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At present the faculty has 16 study and research laboratories, up-to-date computer classrooms allowing training highly qualified specialists and scientists.

5. Correlate the names of some special-purpose machines with their

	types.
С				cranes, hoists, conveyers, winches,
	transporting facilities
				loading and unloading machines
	materials handling equipment			boring machines, pneumatic rock
и				drills,	stone crushers and mills,
				screens
	earthmoving machines			tractors and trucks
	stone-processing equipment			planners, ditch cleaners, sweepers,
				water-trucks
	machines	for preparing, transporting		pile driving machines, tower cranes,
	and placing of concrete and asphalt-			telphers
	concrete mixes
	machines	for	motor-road	bulldozers, scrapers, graders, rippers,
	maintenance and repair			diggers, revolving shovels, ditchers
	construction machinery			mixers,	batchers, pumps, spreaders,
				rollers

6. The nouns designating person’s occupation are generated from verbs
and nouns by means of adding suffixes -r, -er, -or, -ist, -ian:
ManageбА– manager, farm – farmer, act – actor, type – typist, music –
musician.
Form such designations from the following words using a dictionary.
	Д

Drive, teach, physics, build, lecture, engine, inspect, art, politics.

7. Match each word with the appropriate definition.

Construction	The things needed for a particular activity
Workshop	The quality of having none or not enough of smth
Unit	Keeping in good condition	И
Equipment	The work of building
Maintenance	A thing or group regarded as being a complete whole
Repair	Smth mixed with smth else so that it is not pure
Impurity	A room or place where things are produced, repairs are
	done
Deficiency	To mend smth wrong or broken

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8.	Put the verbs in brackets into the required form.
1.	(There be) several proliferations at our faculty.
2.	Each student (to acquire) good theoretical and practical knowledge.
3.	All road-making machinery (to divide) into several types.
4.	Road-making machinery (to study) by the third-year students.
5.	Knowing road-making machines (to constitute) the foundation of their
С
speciality.
6.	Each mechanic (to know) how to prepare the machine for use.
7.	It is well known fact that the proper maintenance of machinery (to
contribute) to the long period of its use.
8.	When the need arises, engineer (to know) how to repair the machine.

иdo you study? 5. What is it necessary to do for the proper service of machinery? 6. With what machinery do you prefer to work?

9. Answer the questions.

1. What qualification do the students of your faculty acquire? 2. What is

special terms.б plug – свеча зажигания

your specialization? 3. Why did you choose it? 4. What types of machinery

10. Read the dialogueАabout breakdown of a car paying attention to

gauge – измерительный при ор to charge – заряжать атарею to adjust – регулировать

–Donald, I know you are a driver of long standing. I would like you to have a look at my car.

–What’s wrong with your car?

–I don’t know yet. I can’t trace the fault.

–Let me have a look. When did you have your plugs checked?

–Three days ago. I thought I had run out of gas but the tank is half full.

–Have a look at the patrol gauge once more.

–All right. The tank is half full, as I have already said.

–The carburetor is in order. The engine is misfiring.

–So it is.

–I guess the battery has run down. It needs recharging.

–Too bad.

–Don’t get upset about it. It won’t take you long to have your battery recharged.

–Do you really think so?

–I am sure of it. The other day I went to the gas station to have the brakes adjusted. They did it in no time. ДИ

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– Where is the gas station?

– It’s three miles south of the supermarket. Do you know the place?

– I think so. In my car the brakes are a bit slack. I hope they can easily be adjusted.

– I advise you to have the engine greased.

– I’ll follow your advice. Thank you, Donald. С– Don’t mention it, Paul. I’m very sorry I couldn’t help you.

– Well, you have helped me to trace the fault. I wish I had bought a new car…

– Well, this one is much cheaper. It hasn’t got too many miles on it. It’s иpractically new.

– I must admit it runs smoothly. It was in good condition when I bought it.

– When was it?

– A year ago.

Make up your own dialogue about breakages or defects of a car using vocabulary from the previous dialogue.

11. Study the following special words. Find them in the texts «Automakers show interest in an unusual engine design» and «Laser spark revolution in internal combustion engines». Write out by 3 sentences with these words and translate them into Russian.

injection – впрыск	Д
petrol – бензинбА
fuel delivery system – топливная система
performance – характеристика	И
to compress – сжимать

combustion – сжигание

to ignite – зажигать, воспламеняться piston – поршень

emission – выпуск, выделение теплоты pressure – давление

accuracy – точность

to generate – производить, вырабатывать stroke – такт (ход поршня), цикл engine – двигатель

torque – вращающий момент

fuel consumption – потребление топлива combustion chamber – камера сгорания spark– искра

pump – насос

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12. Read the text and prepare its rendering (look at the Appendix I).

AUTOMAKERS SHOW INTEREST IN AN UNUSUAL

ENGINE DESIGN

The Scuderi engine could substantially improve fuel consumption by Сstoring compressed air.

By Kevin Bullis on January 24, 2011

и$50 millionбАengine: It took Scuderi Group most of the $65 million it’s raised so far to develop just one engine, the prototype shown here. It’s a splitcycle two-cylinder engine, in which one cylinder compresses air and the other combusts a fuel-air mixture.

An engine development company called the Scuderi Group recently announced progress in its effort to build an engine that can reduce fuel consumption by 25 to 36 percent compared to a conventional design. Such an improvement would be roughlyДequal to a 50 percent increase in fuel economy.

Sal Scuderi, president of the Scuderi Group, which has raised $65 million since it was founded in 2002, says that nine major automotive companies have signed nondisclosure agreements that allow them access to detailed data about the engine. Scuderi says he is hopefulИthat at least one of the automakers will sign a licensing deal before the year is over. Historically, major automakers have been reluctant to license engine technology because they prefer to develop the engines themselves as the core technology of their products. But as pressure mounts to meet new fuel-economy regulations, automakers have become more interested in looking at outside technology.

Although Scuderi has built a prototype engine to demonstrate the basic design, the fuel savings figures are based not on the performance of the prototype but on computer simulations that compare the Scuderi engine to the conventional engine in a 2004 Chevrolet Cavalier, a vehicle for which extensive simulation data is publicly available, Scuderi says. Since 2004, automakers have introduced significant improvements to engines, but these generally improve fuel economy in the range of something like 20 percent,

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compared to the approximately 50 percent improvement the Scuderi simulations show.

There’s a big difference, however, between simulation results and data from engines in actual vehicles, says Larry Rinek, a senior consultant with

Frost and Sullivan, an analyst firm. “So far things are looking encouraging— but will they really meet the lofty claims?” he says. Automakers should wait Сto see data from an actual engine installed in a vehicle before they license the

technology, he says.

A conventional engine uses a four stroke cycle: air is pulled into the chamber, the air is compressed, fuel is added and a spark ignites the mixture, and finally the combustion gases are forced out of the cylinder. In the Scuderi engine, known as a split-cycle engine, these functions are divided between two adjacent cylinders. One cylinder draws in air and compresses it. The compressed air moves through a tube into a second cylinder, where fuel is

иSplitting these functions gives engineers flexibility in how they design and control the engine. In the case of the Scuderi engine, there are two main

added and combustion occurs.

down in theбАcylinder. The second is the addition of a compressed-air storage tank.

changes from what happens in a conventional internal-combustion engine.

The first is a change to when combustion occurs as the piston moves up and

13. Pay attention to the translation of the international English words.

Technology, unique, design, spray,Дsystem, strategy, to result, acoustics, cycle, diesel, oxidation, catalysed.

14. Read the text and give its summary in English. И

LASER SPARKS REVOLUTION IN INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES

April 20, 2011

For more than 150 years, spark plugs have powered internal combustion

engines. Automakers are now one step closer to being able to replace this long-standing technology with laser igniters, which will enable cleaner, more efficient, and more economical vehicles.

In the past, lasers strong enough to ignite an engine's air-fuel mixtures were too large to fit under an automobile's hood. At this year's Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics (CLEO: 2011), to be held in Baltimore May 1 - 6, researchers from Japan will describe the first multibeam laser system small enough to screw into an engine's cylinder head.

Equally significant, the new laser system is made from ceramics, and could be produced inexpensively in large volumes, according to one of the

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presentation's authors, Takunori Taira of Japan's National Institutes of Natural Sciences.

According to Taira, conventional spark plugs pose a barrier to improving fuel economy and reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), a key component of smog.

Spark plugs work by sending small, high-voltage electrical sparks across a Сgap between two metal electrodes. The spark ignites the air-fuel mixture in the engine's cylinder—producing a controlled explosion that forces the piston down to the bottom of the cylinder, generating the horsepower needed to

move the vehicle.

иEngines make NOx as a byproduct of combustion. If engines ran leaner – burnt more air and less fuel – they would produce significantly smaller NOx emissions.

Spark plugs can ignite leaner fuel mixtures, but only by increasing spark energy. Unfortunately,бАthese high voltages erode spark plug electrodes so fast, the solution is not economical. By contrast, lasers, which ignite the airfuel mixture with concentrated optical energy, have no electrodes and are not affected.

Lasers also improve efficiency. Conventional spark plugs sit on top of the cylinder and only ignite the air-fuel mixture close to them. The relatively cold metal of nearby electrodes and cylinder walls absorbs heat from the explosion, quenching the flame front just as it starts to expand.

Lasers, Taira explains, can focus their beams directly into the center of the mixture. Without quenching, theДflame front expands more symmetrically and up to three times faster than those produced by spark plugs.

Equally important, he says, lasers inject their energy within nanoseconds, compared with milliseconds for spark plugs. "Timing – quick combustion – is very important. The more precise the timing, the more efficient the combustion and the better the fuel economy," Иhe says.

Lasers promise less pollution and greater fuel efficiency, but making small, powerful lasers has, until now, proven hard. To ignite combustion, a laser must focus light to approximately 100 gigawatts per square centimeter with short pulses of more than 10 millijoules each.

"In the past, lasers that could meet those requirements were limited to basic research because they were big, inefficient, and unstable," Taira says. Nor could they be located away from the engine, because their powerful beams would destroy any optical fibers that delivered light to the cylinders.

Taira's research team overcame this problem by making composite lasers from ceramic powders. The team heats the powders to fuse them into optically transparent solids and embeds metal ions in them to tune their properties.

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Ceramics are easier to tune optically than conventional crystals. They are also much stronger, more durable, and thermally conductive, so they can dissipate the heat from an engine without breaking down.

Taira's team built its laser from two yttrium-aluminum-gallium (YAG) segments, one doped with neodymium, the other with chromium. They bonded the two sections together to form a powerful laser only 9 millimeters

Сin diameter and 11 millimeters long (a bit less than half an inch).

The composite generates two laser beams that can ignite fuel in two separate locations at the same time. This would produce a flame wall that grows faster and more uniformly than one lit by a single laser.

иThe laser is not strong enough to light the leanest fuel mixtures with a single pulse. By using several 800-picosecond-long pulses, however, they can inject enough energy to ignite the mixture completely.

A commercial automotive engine will require 60 Hz (or pulse trains per second), TairaбАsays. He has already tested the new dual-beam laser at 100 Hz. The team is also at work on a three-beam laser that will enable even faster and more uniform combustion.

The laser-ignition system, although highly promising, is not yet being installed into actual automobiles made in a factory. Taira's team is, however, working with a large spark-plug company and with DENSO Corporation, a member of the Toyota Group.

15. Give a talk on your speciality (road-making machinery engineering). Д И

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