Английский язык для студентов факультета ИВТ и математического факультета (90

UNIT III

A. Answer the following questions before you read the text:

How old is the Internet? What is more influential today for the society

–TV or the Internet? Give your reasons.

B. While reading the text Networks find English equivalents to the following words and phrases, write them down. You should learn them to speak about networking.

соединяться/ разделять/ разнообразные устройства/ классифицировать на основании разных критериев/ охватывать/ географическая зона/ зона крупных городов/ пересылать (распределять) информацию/ возможности (зд.)/ схема устройства/ кабель/ проходить (о данных)/ узел/ центральный узел/ через/ без того, чтобы нуждаться/ набор правил (требований).

TEXT 1. NETWORKS

Acomputernetworkistwoormorecomputersthatareconnected together to share resources, such as hardware, data, and /or software. This is another definition: a network is a combination of hardware and software that connects two or more computers and/or assorted devices.

Networks are classified according to different criteria:

• Geographical area: PANs (Personal Area Networks) typically include a laptop, а mobile phone and a PDA; LANs cover a building; MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) cover a campus or a city; WANs (Wide Area Networks) cover a country or a continent.

• Architecture: In a client-server network, a computer acts as a server and stores and distributes information to the other nodes, or clients. In a peer-to-peer network, all the computers have the same capabilities – that is, share files and peripherals without requiring a separate server computer.

• Topology, or layout: In a bus network, all the computers are connected to a main cable, or bus. In a star network, all data flows through a central hub, a common connection point for the devices in the network. In a ring network, all devices are connected to one another in a continuous loop, or ring.

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• Network protocol: This is the language, or set of rules, that computersusetocommunicatewitheachother.Networksusedifferent protocols. For instance, the Internet uses TCP/IP.

The largest computer network in the world is called the Internet. The Internet is a network of networks, connecting millions of computers. It is also commonly called the Information Superhighway.

C. After reading the text be ready to answer the following questions.

1. What is a network? Give its definition.

2. Why do you think it is not easy to categorize (classify) networks?

3. What are the types of networks according to their layout? 4. Speak of the types of networks according to the geographical

area they cover?

5. What is the difference between a peer-to-peer network and a client-server network?

6. What can you say about our university network? What can it offer to students and the faculty (профессорско-преподавательский состав)?

7. In case you have Internet connection at home who is your provider?

8. Should a layman (non-professional) know much about a network’s architecture and topology to be online?

TEXT 2. HISTORY of the INTERNET

D. WhilereadingthetextHistoryoftheInternetdrawascheme that may help you to speak about Internet predecessors (пред-

шественники). Reflect such issues as the date of foundation and termination/transformation of organization, the aim, administrating, technological potential on your scheme.

The grandfather of the modern–day Internet was an experimental network called ARPANET, created in 1969 by the U.S. Department of Defense’sAdvancedResearchProjectAgency(ARPA).Theobjective of ARPANET was to enable researchers located in different places to communicate with each other and to create a network that could send

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data over a variety of paths to ensure that communications could continue even if part of the network was destroyed (presumably by war or natural disaster).

From its creation through the early 1980s, ARPANET grew, and protocols (standards) were developed for transferring data over the network and for ensuring that the data was transferred intact. During this period, ARPANET began connecting to other networks (called internetworking) and this network of networks was dubbed the Internet.

In1986,theNationalScienceFoundationestablished anewhighspeednetwork calledNSFNETthatconnectedseveralsupercomputing centers around the United States. Research institutions soon formed networks that were connected to NSFNET to allow their researchers access to the supercomputers. The Internet functions of both ARPANET and NSFNET were eventually replaced in the modern-day Internet structure; ARPANET ceased to exist in 1990, and NSFNET reverted to a research network in 1995.

TEXT 3. The Internet today

The structure of the Internet today is similar to that of the original ARPANET, only on a much larger scale. Each country typically has at least one primary high-speed network called a backbone. These backbones are connected to other backbone networks within the country and to backbone networks in other countries. Also connected to backbones are smaller regional networks within each country to which local area networks consisting of individual computers are connected.

One of the most remarkable characteristics of the Internet is that it is not owned by any one person or organization in charge. Although each network is managed individually by a network administrator, there is no network administrator for the Internet as a whole. The closest thing to an Internet governing body is a variety of voluntary groups, such as the Internet Society, Internet Architecture Board, and World Wide Web Consortium. These organizations are involved with such issues as establishing protocols and encouraging cooperation among Internet networks.

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One of the disadvantages of the Internet in the past was that it contained a huge amount of information with no easy way for users to find what they were looking for. Fortunately, although the Internet today is continually growing, it is also much more organized with numerous directories and search tools to help users find what they are looking for. It is common for people today to regularly use the Internet to obtain stock quotes and other financial information, check the weather, read newspapers and magazines, look up telephone numbers, access library electronic card catalogs, tour museums, and send electronic mail. The Internet is used to pay bills, purchase products, and make telephone calls – these uses will become more commonplace in the near future.

E. Arrange the points of the plan of the text in accordance with its contents. Choose one of the points to retell.

The way the Internet is organized (from the point of view of information retrieval).

The way the Internet is organized – legal aspect. The structure of the Internet.

Options of using the Internet.

F. You are likely to know how Internet and e-mail addresses are formed and written. Read about it in English paying attention to new words and terms.

Internet Addresses

Each computer on the Internet has a unique Internet address. It can be written as a number, such as 207.68.137.41 (usually used by computers), or as a name, such as microsoft.com (usually used by people).NumericalInternetaddressesarecalledIP(InternetProtocol) addresses; all computers on the Internet are assigned an IP address. Most computers also have a text-based addresses, called a domain name, that corresponds to the computer’s IP address. A domain identifies the location of a computer; it can include the name of the computer, the appropriate department, school, business, geographical location, and/or type of organization. If there are multiple parts to a domain, they are separated by periods and listed with the most specific part first and the least specific part (the broadest category) listed last. The last part of a domain name always describes a geographical

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locationoratypeoforganization;intheUnitedStatesitisusually.edu for educational institutions, .gov for government agencies, .mil for the military, .com for commercial businesses, .net for network providers,

.org for non-commercial organizations, or .us for the United States.

Identifying Computer Users

Each person on the Internet has a user name; usually an abbreviation of the person’s name. A person’s Internet address begins with his user name followed by the @ symbol followed by his computer’sdomainnamecombinedwithher([e-mail]. cc.ca.us) and uniquely identifies each user, just as a person’s name combined with her street address gives her a unique mailing address. Because computer users’ Internet addresses are used primarily to send electronic mail, they usually called e-mail addresses.

G. Read attentively how to pronounce Internet addresses.

Pronouncing Internet Addresses

Because Internet addresses are frequently given verbally, it is important to know how to pronounce them. Here are a few guidelines:

If a portion of the address forms a recognizable word or name, it is spoken; otherwise it is spelled out.

The @ sign is pronounced at. The period (.) is pronounced dot.

H.Read the following Internet addresses: president@whitehouse .gov

www.grani.ru

www.berkley.edu

[e-mail]

I.Dictateyourfellowstudentacoupleoffakeorrealaddresses and sites. You can imitate a telephone talk. Take turns.

J.Fulfil these assignments.

• Assume that you need to find information about the history of the New York Stock Exchange/ Computer History Museum for a research paper. List two phrases for each topic that you could type as key words when using a search engine to find appropriate Web pages.

• IfacompanycalledApexcreatedaWebhomepage,whatwould its URL address probably be?

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K. It is very important for a future computer expert to distinguish between wired and wireless connections. Read the following to be sure you know the difference and are aware how to speak about these technologies.

What is wireless networking?

Wired networks are linked by Ethernet cables, phone lines and high-speed fibre optic cables. Wireless networks, however, use electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, to transmit data. These are the main types of wireless networks:

• Satellites – for long distances.

• WiMAX – for connecting Wi-Fi hotspots.

• Wi-Fi – for medium–range distances.

• Bluetooth – for short distances.

• GSM – for mobile phones.

What is the difference between a wired LAN and a wireless LAN?

Wired LANs are more difficult to install, but they are cheaper, faster and more reliable. Wireless networks let you move, or roam, fromoneaccesspointtoanother,buttheyarelesssecureandsubjectto interference. TosetupahomewirelessLANonewillneed computers equipped with a wireless adapter or wireless card, a wireless access point (a wireless router) and a broadband internet connection.

L.After reading the text answer these questions.

What is a network protocol?

WiMAX is a type of wireless network. What is it used for? What does PAN stand for?

What equipment do you need to set up a wireless LAN? What is a computer network?

How many types of networks are there?

M.Be sure you remember the words from the text. Match English words with their Russian equivalents.

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wired	оборудованный
to transmit	беспроводной
equipped	кабель
cheap	подвергаться
medium–range	помехи
to roam	дешёвый
fibre	проводной
broadband	надёжный
wireless	волокно
to be linked	бродить/перемещаться
cable	передавать
reliable	широкополосный
to be subject to	соединяться
interference	среднего диапазона

N.Discuss in pairs what the advantages and disadvantages of wireless networks are.

O.Do this exercise in written form. Insert appropriate words.

1. Anetworkthat…asmall…area,suchas aroomorabuilding, is called a … area network or LAN.

geographical/ local/ covers

2. It is common to have a LAN in a … or an office to …printers and software and to send and receive … mail (electronic letters sent from one …to another).

share/ electronic/ computer/ classroom

3. Today it is necessary for an educated man to understand the history and current …of the Internet, how to … the Internet, and how to use Netscape software to find and access Internet … and to send and receive electronic … .

access/ mail/ structure/ resources

P. Do the following network quiz. Choose the right answer.

1. This network typically consists of two or more local area

networks, covering a large geographical area.
a) LAN	b) WAN	c) Intranet

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2. This type of network does not have a dedicated server; all the computers are independent.

a) peer-to-peer b) client-server c) Metropolitan Area Network

3. On this topology, all devices are connected to the same circuit,

forming a continuous loop.
a) star	b) ring	c) bus
4. The language used by computers to communicate with each
other on the Internet is called.
a) Ethernet	b) ADSL	c) TCP/ IP

5. Which cables are used to transfer information for the Internet over long distances at high speeds?

a) telephone lines b) Ethernet cables c) fibre optic cables

6. Which device allows several computers on a local network to

share an internet connection?
a) an ADSL port	b) a router	c) an Ethernet port

7. Which device serves as a common connection point for devices in a wireless network?

a) wireless access point b) wired router c) wireless adapter

8. Bluetooth is a wireless technology that uses radio waves to transmit data over

a) long distances b) medium-range distances c) short distances (ten metres or less)

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UNIT IV.

A.Beforeyoustartworkingwiththetextanswerthefollowing questions. What are the reasons to by a home computer if you have one at work? Do you like playing on the computer? How often do you work with the computer? Did you take seriously your mother’s advice not to work so much on your computer?

B. The text is rich in medical terms that may seem difficult to you. However, you should be aware of such types of texts. The first reason is that they relate to your health. The second reason is that medicine is becoming more and more computerized. Who knows whereyouwillapplyyourknowledgeindaystocome(inthefuture)?

TEXT 1. Your Computers and Your Health:

Real and Imagined Problems

1.The computer and its effects on health often evokes baseless fears

2.on the part of the user. The computer has been accused of causing

3.cataracts and myopia; of emitting harmful rays to the skin and the eyes. Some have even suspected the computer of increasing the

5.risk of a miscarriage for women. The majority of these fears are

6.unjustified. None of the many studies effectuated on the subject

7.have established a causal link between visual deterioration and

8.working on the computer. As for ionizing rays and electro-magnetic

9.fields, they are always below permitted levels. On the other hand

10.intensive periods of work on the computer can lead to eye fatigue,

11.stress and muscular-skeletal pains. Nonetheless these symptoms appear mostly when the user ignores a few elementary ergonomi-

12.cal rules, for instance if they subject themselves to unsatisfactory

13.working conditions or use inadequate equipment. Furthermore,

14.certain individuals with particular medical problems will be at

15.greater risk. The possible ill-effects of working on the computer

16.are therefore inseparable from very wide ergonomical, medical

17.and social factors. This is because the root of the problems associ-

18.ated with computing and their solution are more likely to be found through investigating work conditions and customs, general health

19.of the user and even his or her life-style, than in the technical make

20.up of the computer itself.

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C. While reading the text fill in the following table.

Real ill-effects caused	Imagined problems
by computers

D. In lines 9,11,12,14,16,17 find the so-called linking words*. Look how they are working.

* Linking words make the text easier for the reader to follow (or more difficult, if you do not know what the little words mean). They express the logical relationships between different things.

Thewriterusesthemtoorganizethetextinordertomakehispoint clear. Linking words are used not only in written texts, good speakers also use them to make it easier for the listener to follow him or her. For example, he or she may give an example with “for example”!

E. Write down the meanings of words and phrases in bold type. Memorize them.

F. After reading the text answer the following questions.

1. Was anything new to you in the text?

2. Do you agree that the boundary between real and imagined problems is fuzzy?

3. What should one do to avoid health problems connected with a computer?

4. What factors must be took into account when organizing computerized working places?

TEXT 2. Are You Caught in the Web?

By Kathy Sena

While experts argue over whether “Internet addiction” is a true addiction, some people spend hours each week (an average of nearly 30 hours, in one study) surfing the net, participating in chat rooms or playing computer games. The real problem comes when these people sacrifice their families, their jobs or their friends to feed their habit, says a report in the Mayo Clinic Women’s HealthSource newsletter.

Some data indicate that lonely, middle-aged women who spend hours in chat rooms are among those most affected.

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