Английский язык для студентов факультета ИВТ и математического факультета (90

Kimberly Young, a psychologist who conducted one of the first studies on the topic, classifies dependent Internet users as those who meet four or more of the following criteria over a 12-month period:

*Felt preoccupied with the Internet

*Felt a need to use the Internet for increasing amounts of time to achieve satisfaction

*Were unable to control Internet use

*Felt restless or irritable when attempting to reduce Internet use

*Used the Internet to escape problems

*Lied to family or friends to conceal the extent of their Internet involvement

*Jeopardized or risked the loss of a significant relationship, job, educational or career opportunity because of the Internet

* Kept returning even after spending excessive amounts for online fees

*Became depressed or anxious when offline

*Stayed online longer than they intended

If your Internet use is interfering with the rest of your life, it may be time to seek help. Call your local mental-health association to find out about support groups and treatment specialists in your area.

G. Make up a dialogue with your fellow student. Follow the situation and strategy below. See useful phrases below.

Situation 1. Mom worries too much that her son/ daughter spends more than 5 hours a day in the Internet. She wants to speak to him/ her about it. She has made this decision after a TV program about Internet addiction.

Strategy (their intentions in the conversation):

1. Mom

says she is worrying about his health because he spends much time at the computer.

Son

answers that he is searching for information for his course work.

2. Mom

hints that she heard strange sounds that could not be related to any serious work. She adds he tells a lie.

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Son

makes an excuse and confesses that he was playing a game.

3. Mom

says she is worrying about his wasting time in front of the computer every day. He is a student, and must study a lot to get a good job in the future.

Son

assures her that everything will be OK.

4. Mom

she mentions his friends who stopped coming to their place, his girlfriend who doesn’t even call

him. This is bad.

Son

Disagrees. He himself doesn’t want to see anybody. They all irritate him. He feels at ease only when he is online.

What will his Mom recommend that he should do? What would you recommend?

Useful phrases.

Sorry, I thought you didn’t mind. How stupid/ silly of you. That’s a real pity.

My mistake. I didn’t realize it. I really don’t think that’s … Can you do anything about …?

Role play. One of the participants of the conversation should be an Internet addict, others may be parents, friends or somebody from a support group.

H. Answer in written form.

Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good for people? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

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UNIT V.

TEXT 1. Computer Science

A. Read what computer science is and what it studies.

Computer science, or Computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.

It is a science, because given a system of interest, it performs / analyses/ and seeks general principles to explain that system.

Computer Science is a relatively young academic discipline that has matured rather quickly due to the rapidly changing technological environment.

Computer science is much more than knowing how to use the latest application package or access nodes on the Internet. Like other academic disciplines, computer science is a collection of related subfields that share a fundamental of knowledge and practice.

Here are some of the areas that lie within the broad concept of computer science.

Computer programming

To write a program means to implement algorithms using a programminglanguagetosolveaparticulartask.Currentemphasisonob- ject-oriented programming is an attempt to incorporate into software construction engineering principles, such as system modularization of components that have successfully reduced size and cost of hardware products. Programming in industry is generally a team activity using productivity tools and adhering to sound engineering practices.

Computer Architecture

All computer professionals should have sound knowledge of how bits of information are moved and processed in the computer. The computer architect is concerned with organizing the data paths, functional units and instruction set of the machine to maximize its performance given the constraints on the cost and typical use of the machine.

Programming Languages

The various programming languages have features such as scooping of identifier, parameter passing, recursion, and function return that can be implemented in different ways, or not at all. A language can be

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based upon a particular mathematical system, or be described within a mathematical framework.

Artificial Intelligence

Specialists in artificial intelligence concern themselves with one or two central projects: (1) studying the nature of intelligence by trying to simulate it computationally, or (2) building machines that can communicate with people on human terms using natural language. These machines can also function in a rapidly changing environment, using visual and other forms of information gathering and general reasoning capabilities.

Databases

An important class of application programs deals with the storage and retrieval of information from large banks of data. Design and maintenance of databases require a particular expertise. Different organizing principles are employed to associate selected keys and retrieve relevant records from a database.

Systems Programming

Systems programming deals with the topic of concurrently runningprocessesandhowtoappropriatelyregulatetheiraccesstoshared system resources.

Computer graphics

Working out algorithms both for generating visual images synthetically, and for integrating or altering visual and spatial information sampled from the real world is a rapidly developing area.

Human – computer interaction – is the study of making computers and computations useful, usable and universally accessible to people, including the study and design of computer interfaces through which people use computers.

Data mining is the study of algorithms for searching and processing information in documents and databases; closely related to information retrieval.

B. This exercise includes other areas of computer science that have not been mentioned in the text above. Try to match the name ofacomputersciencesubfield(1–20) withwhatitdealswith(A–T).

1.Compilers

2.Networking

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3.Computability theory

4.Automata theory

5.Concurrency

6.Parallel computing

7.Symbolic mathematics

8.Formal methods

9.Bioinformatics

10.Numerical algorithms

11.Data structures

12.Computer vision

13.Cognitive Science

14.Machine learning

15.Image processing

16.Computational neuroscience

17.Cryptography

18.Computer Audio

19.Robotics

20.Operating systems

А. Manipulation and solution of expressions in symbolic form, also known as Computer algebra.

В. Determining information from an image through computation. С. Different logical structures for solving problems.

D. Applies results from complexity, probability and number theory to invent and break codes.

E. Computing using multiple concurrent threads of execution. F. Computational modeling of real minds.

G. Numerical solution of mathematical problems such as rootfinding, integration, the solution of ordinary differential equations and the approximation of special functions.

H. Algorithms for controlling the behavior of robots I. Computational modeling of real brains.

J. The use of computer science to maintain, analyze, store biological data and to assist in solving biological problems such as Protein folding, function prediction and Phylogeny.

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K. Algorithms and data structures for the creation, manipulation, storage, and transmission of digital audio recordings. Also important in voice recognition applications.

L. Algorithms for identifying three dimensional objects from a two dimensional picture.

M. Automated creation of a set of rules and axioms based on input.

N. What is calculable with the current models of computers. O. The organization of and rules for the manipulation of data. P. Mathematical approaches for describing and reasoning about

software designs.

Q. Algorithms and protocols for reliably communicating data across different shared or dedicated media, often including error correction.

R. Systems for managing computer programs and providing the basis of a usable system.

S. Ways of translating computer programs, usually from higher level languages to lower level ones.

T. The theory and practice of simultaneous computation; data safety in any multitasking or multithreaded environment.

Check up your answers in the supplementary section. C. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Mathematics is considered a living part of any applied aspects in computer science.

2. Computerscienceshouldbetaughtmorepragmaticallywithout too much pure mathematics.

3. There is not much difference between a programmer and an advanced self-educated user.

4. By integrating the concepts, theory, and practice of computer science in a challenging curriculum, students are prepared for professional employment or for further study.

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TEXT 2. Computer Science Education

D. Before reading the text answer the following question:

Do you agree that computer professionals today need an excellent education foundation to enable them to deal with this ever-changing world of computer software and hardware.

Thefieldsofresearchandstudyconstituteorbuildonthecorebody of knowledge and practice of computer science. Each has challenging problemsthatwillstimulatecontinuedlearningandintellectualgrowth. Each has rewarding career opportunities. And each can be a lot of fun for those who enjoy seeing their intellectual creations come to life on the screen in front of them. In short, computer science is a discipline that requires good analytical skills, an abundance of patience and the ability to work closely with other people.

The first formal university course in computer science for which graduates got the Diploma in Numerical Analysis & Automatic Computing, was offered at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory (UK) in 1953. Subsequently, almost all universities have introduced a computing course in some form or another.

Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning. These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics and systems analysis, among others. They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study.

Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced computer programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula. Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry. The practical aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering.

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TEXT 3. Top Computer Science Universities in USA

E. Reading the text find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:

Старшекурсник–выпускник–аспиранты–получитьстепень

– современный – взаимодействие – искусственный интеллект – присваивать степень – участвовать в программе – иметь доступ к … – получать – занятая роль – профессорско-преподавательский состав – руководитель – предлагать – быть ответственным за … – включать – награды – совместный – выбирать – корни

by Lauren Miller, 2010

The top computer science universities in the United States are responsible for some of the most important technological innovations in modern history. From inventing operating systems to global nonprofit initiatives serving the poor, the most prestigious computer science programs in the country serve as incubators for the birth of leading technology businesses.

Carnegie Mellon University

The School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is world-renowned for research and innovation and is the number one school on the “U.S. News & World Report” 2010 list of top computer science graduate schools. CMU’s Mach Project was a leader in computer operating system inventions including Mac OS X. Undergraduates and graduates have the opportunity to study at the school’s international campuses in Qatar, Australia and Portugal. Budding software engineers can apply for its industry-specific program based in Silicon Valley. Faculty awards include the Nobel Prize, Guggenheim Fellowships and MacArthur Fellows. The school is a pioneer in encouraging women to enter the field with its Women in Computer Science initiative.

Undergraduates earn a Bachelor of Science and can concentrate in three areas: computer science, computational biology or computer science and arts. Master’s degrees are offered in 14 areas including a joint degree with Carnegie Mellon’s business school. Doctoral

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students have 20 areas of study to choose from including a joint Ph.D.- M.D. option.

Carnegie Mellon University

School of Computer Science Pittsburgh, PA cmu.edu

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science attheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)isoneoftheoldest programs in the country. It has its roots in an electrical engineering program founded in 1882. More than 20 percent of the school’s students study in the department. It is ranked second on the 2010 “U.S. News & World Report” list of top computer science programs.

Studentscanearndegreesattheundergraduate,graduateanddoctoral level and have access to the university’s numerous research laboratories andcenters.MIT’sstate-of-the-artmedialabisaworldleaderincomputer and human interaction. Its initiatives include the One Laptop per Child, a project that brings computers to children around the world.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Cambridge mit.edu

Stanford University

Stanford University’s Department of Computer Science is the third-ranked school on the “U.S. News & World Report” 2010 list of top computer science graduate schools. The northern California school is known for its research in artificial intelligence and robotics. The department grants bachelor’s, master’s and doctorate degrees.

Undergraduates can participate in summer research projects with facultymembersservingasmentors.Theycanalsogainteachingexperience byparticipatingassectionleadersinintroductorycomputerscienceclasses, aroleusuallyreservedforgraduatestudentsatotheruniversities.Numerous high-profiletechnologycompaniesarethebrainchildofStanfordgraduates includingGoogle,Yahoo!andCiscoSystems.

Stanford University Department of Computer Science

Serra Mall Stanford, CA stanford.edu

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F. Answer the following questions using information from the text:

1. The top computer science universities in the United States are called incubators – why?

2. For what innovations and initiatives are they responsible? 3. How are universities ranked on the “U.S. News & World

Report” 2010 list of top computer science graduate schools? 4. What is CMU?

5. What international campuses does CMU have? 6. What is MIT?

7. Where is the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University?

8. Where is the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (at MIT)?

9. Where is Stanford University’s Department of Computer Science?

10. What important projects are mentioned in the text? 11. What honorable awards are mentioned in the text?

G. Characterize each of the universities answering the following questions (fill in a table):

1. What degrees can students get there?

2. What are the main fields of research at this institution? 3. Whatarethemaincontributions/achievementsoftheuniversity? 4. What is specific about it?

H. Imagine that you have got acquainted with a foreign student or a computer expert from abroad.

What would you tell him/her about Yaroslavl University’s Department of Computer Science (its location, specialties and degrees students can get, subjects you study, computer facilities you can use, achievements of the Department, its specifics).

I. Computer science specialists should always refresh their knowledge. One of the ways to do that is to read professional journals. Read information about The Computer Journal.

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