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2) Для образования притяжательной формы существительных (относительно вещей, идей) используют предлог of.

Пример: the roof of the garage, the name of the book.

the beginning of at the beginning of the story the top of at the top of the page

the end of at the end of the street

the bottom of the bottom of the picture the front of in front of the house

the back of the back of the building the middle of in the middle of the room the side of the side of the moon

1.2.Exercises

1.2.1.Make the following nouns plural.

a driver…	a woman…	criterion…	a knife …
a box …	an arrow…	a list…	a fly …
a ray …	datum…	a floppy…	a city …
a calf…	a life…	a deer…	Physics …
a lady…	an artery…	a ship…	basis …
a cat…	a branch…	a child…	a sheep …

1.2.2. Make the following words singular.
screws…	students …	feet …
kilograms …	nephew ...	lives …
models …	policemen …	inches …
bases …	means …	people …

1.2.3. Fill in is or are.

1)Where … your trousers?

2)People … unhappy with the new tax system.

3)Could you tell me where the scissors …?

4)The pair of scissors … broken.

5)Physics … my favourite subject.

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6)The data from his report … verified.

7)«Women … hard to understand», men say.

8)His initials … H.B.

9)The cable … red.

10)There … several bolts on the floor.

11)There … a saw on the workbench.

1.2.4.Translate the sentences into Russian.

1)The data speak in favour of this theory. 2) One’s left hand does not know what one’s right hand is doing. 3) As to the scientists’ work, it is of great importance.

4)After a week's rest the rabbit may be given a second dose of vitamins. 5) There are some methods at one's disposal of reaching this goal. 6) In spite of some objections this engineer’s design was accepted. 7) It was implicit owing to comments about using the computer’s power. 8) They attempt to continually enlarge the sphere of the program's local simplicity. 9) Pr. Beale’s theoretical work has always been firmly grounded in practice. 10) Of all the values Pauling’s estimates of the radii of these volumes are of utmost importance. 11) An acceptable level for the machine’s performance can be defined as the machine’s own characteristic. 12) Its structure will obviously emphasize the poles’ rule as system parameters. 13) Though unofficial memoranda of the subject were under intensive discussion. 14) In addition to differences in their physical properties the two materials differ in their technology. 15) In accordance with statistic data nearly one-third of the Earth’s population experiences freshwater shortages even today. 16) The most important considerations are the mathematical nature of the problems to be solved.

Unit 2. THE VERB TO BE

Глагол to be в предложении может выступать в роли

смыслового, если за ним стоит существительное с предлогом; переводит-

ся словами быть, есть, существовать, находиться, располагаться;

вспомогательного, который необходим для образования страдательного залога и группы времен Continuous; не переводится;

заменителя модального глагола must; переводится словами должен,

следует;

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связочного глагола, или глагола-связки, если за ним идут существительное, прилагательное, герундий, инфинитив или числительное; переводится сло-

вами значить, заключаться в том, чтобы (перед инфинитивом) и являться,

быть (в остальных случаях).

2.1. To be in the Present Simple (am / is / are)

Отрицательное предложение с глаголом to be образуется путем добавления к формам глагола частицы not (табл. 2.1).

Т а б л и ц а 2.1

Образование утвердительного и отрицательного предложений с глаголом to be в Present Simple

Positive sentence		Negative sentence
subject	to be	subject	to be
I	am('m)	I	am not
He		He
She	is('s)	She	is not (isn't)
It		It
You		You
We	are('re)	We	are not (aren't)
They		They

It’s 10 o’clock. You're late again.

Ann and I are good friends.

I'm tired but I'm not hungry.

Tom isn't interested in politics. He's interested in music.

I'm cold. Can you close the window?

Those people aren't English. They are Australian.

Общий вопрос с глаголом to be образуется без помощи других глаголов путем постановки его перед подлежащим (табл. 2.2).

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									Т а б л и ц а 2. 2
	Образование общего вопросительного предложения и краткого ответа
				с глаголом to be в Present Simple
Question form						Short answers
Am		I	?	Yes, I am			No, I’m not
		he		he		he's			he
Is		she	?	Yes, she	is	No, she's	not		Or No, she	isn’t
		it		it		it's			it
		you		we		we're			we
Are		we	?	Yes, you	are	No, you're	not		Or No, you	aren’t
		they		they		they're			they

–Am I late? – No, you are on time.

–Is your mother at home? – No, she's out.

–Are your parents at home? – Yes, they are.

–Is it cold in your room? – Yes, a little.

Специальные вопросительные предложения (Special Questions) с глаголом to be образуются с помощью специальных вопросительных местоимений where / what / how / why / when, которые ставятся перед глаголом to be, например:

Where is your mother? Is she at home?

–What colour is your car? – It is red. How are your parents? Are they well?

–How much are these postcards? – Fifty cents. Why are you angry with me?

2.2.Exercises (to be in the Present Simple)

2.2.1.Put in am / is / are.

1)The weather … nice today.

2)I … tired.

3)This bag … heavy.

4)The fifth spanner … too big.

5)My brother and I … good tennis players.

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6)Ann … at home. Her children … at school.

7)I … a taxi driver. He … an engineer.

8)I … married.

9)Those people … English.

10)You … my best friend.

11)You … late again.

2.2.2.Make sentences from 2.2.1 negative. Use am not / isn’t / aren’t.

2.2.3.Give true sentences: positive or negative. Use the verb to be in the Pre-

sent Simple.

1)(I / interested in politics) ... .

2)(I / hungry) ... .

3)(It / warm today) ... .

4)(I / afraid of dogs) ... .

5)(My hands / cold) ... .

6)(Canada / very big country) ... .

7)(Diamonds / cheap) ... .

8)(Rome / in Spain) ... .

9)(The Irtysh / the longest river) ... .

2.2.4. Say about yourself.

1)(name?) My ... .

2)(from?) I ... .

3)(age?) I ... .

4)(favourite colour or colours ?) My ... .

5)(interested in?) I ... .

6)(afraid of ?) I ... .

2.2.5. Match these questions and your answers in 2.2.4.

A)What are you afraid of ?

B)Where are you from?

C)What are you interested in?

D)How old are you?

E)What is your favourite colour?

F)What’s your name?

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2.2.6. Work in pairs. Ask the following questions and give short answers (Yes, I am / No, he isn’t etc).

1)	Are you married?	6)	Are you tired?
2)	Are you thirsty?	7)	Is your mother at home?
3)	Is it cold today?	8)	Are you hungry?
4)	Is it dark now?	9)	Is your bag black?
5)	Are you English?	10) Is your hair long?

2.2.7.Make questions with these words. Use is or are.

1)(at home / your mother?) ... ?

2)(your parents / well?) ... ?

3)(interesting / your job?) ... ?

4)(the shops / open today?) ... ?

5)(it / green?) … ?

6)(they / late?)… ?

7)(expensive / this jacket?)… ?

8)(how much / this car?) ... ?

9)(what / he?) ... ?

10)(how far / your house from here?) ... ?

2.2.8.Complete the questions. Use What ... ? Who ... ? Where ... ? How ... ?

1)– ...your parents? – They're well.

2)– ...the bus stop? – At the end of the street.

3)– ...your children? – Five, six, ten.

4)– ...these oranges? – $ 1.20 a kilo.

5)– ...your favorite sport? – Skiing.

6)– ...the man in this photograph? – That is my father.

7)– … your favorite film? – “The fifth element”.

8)– … you from? – I'm French.

9)– … you? – I’m a student.

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2.3. To be in the Past Simple (was / were)

Глагол to be в Past Simple имеет формы was (в единственном числе) и were (во множественном числе). Отрицательное предложение образуется путем добавления к глаголу to be отрицательной частицы not (табл. 2.3).

Т а б л и ц а 2.3

Образование утвердительного и отрицательного предложений с глаголом to be в Past Simple

Positive sentence			Negative sentence
subject	to be	subject		to be
I		I
She	was	She		was not (wasn't)
He		He
It		It
We		We
You	were	You		were not (weren't)
They		They

Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now.

We were hungry after the journey but we weren’t tired.

The hotel was comfortable but it wasn’t expensive.

You were late yesterday.

You weren’t here last Sunday.

Общий вопрос с глаголом to be в Past Simple образуется без помощи других глаголов путем постановки его форм was или were перед подлежащим (табл. 2.4), например:

–Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive? – No, they weren’t.

–Why were you late this morning?

–Was the weather good when you were on holiday? – Yes, it was.

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Т а б л и ц а 2.4

Образование общего вопросительного предложения с глаголом to be в Past Simple

	Question			Short answers
to be		subject	Yes / No	subject	to be
		I?	Yes,	I	was
Was		he?		he
		she?	No,	she	was not (wasn’t)
		it?		it
		we?	Yes,	we	were
Were		you?		you
			No,		were not (weren’t)
		they?		they

2.4.Exercises (to be in the Past Simple)

2.4.1.Read and translate the sentences. Make them negative and question.

1)I was tired last night.

2)The weather was good last week.

3)You were late this morning.

4)They were here last night.

5)You were right then.

6)She was there last summer.

7)Carol and Jack were at the cinema yesterday at 5. And you?

2.4.2. Put in was / were or wasn’t / weren’t.

1)We weren’t happy with the hotel. Our room … very small and it … very clean.

2)George … at work last week because he … ill. He’s better now.

3)Yesterday … a public holiday so the shops … closed. They are open today.

4)– … Sue and Bill at the party? – Sue … there but Bill … .

5)– Where are my keys? – I don’t know. They … on the table but they are not there now.

6)You … at home last night. Where … you?

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2.4.3. Put in am / is / are or was / were.

1)Last year she … 22, so she … 23 now.

2)Today the weather … nice, but yesterday it … very cold.

3)I … hungry. Can I have something to eat?

4)I feel fine this morning but I … very tired last night.

5)Where … you at 11 o'clock last Friday?

6)Don't buy these shoes. They … very expensive.

7)I like your new jacket. … it expensive?

8)This time last year I … in Paris.

9)– Where … the children? – I don't know. They ... in the garden ten minutes ago.

2.4.4. Make questions. Use the words in brackets (…) in the correct order + was / were.

1)– (late / you / this morning / why)? …

–The traffic was bad.

2)– (difficult / your exam)? …

–No, it was easy.

3)– (last week / where / Ann and Chris)? …

–They were on holiday.

4)– (angry / you / yesterday / why)? ...

–Because you were late.

2.5.To be in the Future Simple (will be)

Утвердительное предложение с глаголом to be в Future Simple образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола will + be. В образовании отрицательного и вопросительного предложений участвует вспомогательный глагол will, т. е. отрицательное предложение образуется добавлением частицы not к вспомогательному глаголу will (табл. 2.5), вопросительное – перестановкой местами подлежащего и глагола will, при этом инфинитивная форма be не переносится в начало вопроса (табл. 2.6).

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Т а б л и ц а 2.5

Образование утвердительного и отрицательного предложений c глаголом to be в Future Simple

	Positive							Negative
subject		to be			subject			to be
I … They		will ('ll) be			I … They			will not
								(won’t)be
								Т а б л и ц а 2.6
Образование вопросительного предложения и краткого ответа
		c глаголом to be в Future Simple
	Question							Short answers
Will		I … they	be?		Yes,	I … they		will. / will not.
					No,

I'll be a doctor when I grow up.

My sister won't be at home tomorrow.

–Will you be at school tomorrow? – Yes, I will. I think Diana will be at the party.

Стоит отметить, что форма shall, которая до недавнего времени использовалась с местоимениями 1 лица (I, We) в настоящее время сохранилась лишь в вопросительных предложениях в значении «Может, нам (мне) стоит сделать что-либо?», например:

Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow? – Может, нам стоит сходить в кино завтра?

Shall I buy this dress? – Может, мне стоит купить это платье?

2.6.Exercises (to be in the Future Simple)

2.6.1.Make the following sentences negative and then question.

1)The students will be in the Russian Museum in several days.

2)When I graduate from the University I will be an engineer.

3)He’ll be at home in several minutes.

4)I will be a professional football-player when I grow up.

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