- •Министерство Российской Федерации по налогам и сборам
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •Vocabulary.
- •Internal account
- •1.2 Job responsibilities. Text 1.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary.
- •1.3 Affiliates. Structure of the company.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Unit 2. People in Business
- •Text 1.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Text 2.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Text 2.
- •Progress check I.
- •Unit 4. Current Activities.
- •Text 1.
- •Text 2.
- •Text 3.
- •Unit 5. Company information. Comparing sales figures. Text 1.
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 6. Company History and Life Stories.
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 7. Giving news about company’s Recent Results.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary
- •Increased
- •Text 2.
- •Unit 8. Lending and Borrowing.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Text 2.
- •Vocabulary.
- •Text 3.
- •Progress Check II.
- •Grammar notes. Глагол to be
- •Present Simple.
- •Глагол to do
- •Saying numbers.
- •Предлоги времени.
- •The Present Continuous Tense.
- •Present Perfect Tense.
- •Past Simple Tense. Слова определители
- •Пассивный залог.
- •Порядок прилагательных.
- •Part II Unit 1.Economic system.
- •Unit 2. Accounting.
- •Unit 3. Balance Sheet.
- •Unit 4. Money.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Unit 5. Banks and banks services.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Progress Check III. British Industry
- •The City
- •Made In Britain
- •Vocabulary:
- •Part III Unit 1.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Unit 2. The System of Government and Lawmaking Process in Great Britain.
- •The System of Government and Lawmaking Process in Great Britain.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •Unit 5. Legal Education
- •Legal Education
- •Vocabulary:
- •Unit 6. Law firm
- •Law firm
- •Vocabulary:
- •Unit 7. Taxation in Russia
- •Taxation in Russia.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Литература.
- •Содержание
- •Для студентов заочного отделения
Part III Unit 1.
Text A. Прочитайте текст А и переведите его на русский язык.
Law
Law is a system of rules established by the state.
The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.
One important distinction made in all countries is between private-or civil - law and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.
The system of law in our country consists of different categories of law.
Constitutional law is a leading category of the whole system of law. Its principal source is the country's Constitution. It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.
Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with the legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of a government and ministries.
Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals. Crimes are wrongs which, even committed against an individual are considered to harm the well-being of society in general. Criminal law takes the form of a criminal code.
International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.
Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credit other spheres of financial activity.
Vocabulary:
aim |
цель, задача |
criminal law |
уголовное право |
safeguard |
гарантировать |
legal |
законный, правовой |
economic foundation |
экономическая основа |
taxation |
налогообложение |
distinction |
различие |
define |
определять |
consist of |
состоять из |
responsibility |
ответственность |
private (civil) law |
частное (гражданское) право |
crime |
преступление |
public law |
публичное право |
punishment |
наказание |
deal with |
иметь дело с |
apply |
применять |
principle source |
основной источник |
harm |
причинять вред |
well-being of society |
благополучие общества |
relations |
отношения |
be closely connected with |
быть тесно связанным с |
Ответьте на вопросы.
a) What is law?
b) What is the main aim of law?
c) What categories of law does the system of law in Russia consist of?
d) What is the principal source of constitutional law?
e) What does criminal law define?
Заполните пропуски словами, обоначающими соответствуюие отрасли права.
a) ______ deals with budget, taxation, state credits.
b) ______ regulates relations between governments.
c) ______ deals with crime and punishment.
d) ______ deals with legal forms of executive and administrative activity.
Unit 2. The System of Government and Lawmaking Process in Great Britain.
Text B .Прочитайте текст В и переведите его на русский язык.
The System of Government and Lawmaking Process in Great Britain.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland is a constitutional mornarchy. There are three branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. Parliament makes laws, the government «executes» laws, i.e. puts them into effect, and the law courts interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power. Parliament, the legislative body, consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
To become a law a bill must pass through Parliament in several stages. At first it is introduced in the House of Commons where it recieves a formal first reading. It is then printed and read a second time. After that it is discussed in detail and amended.
At the third reading it is debated. After that the bill goes to the House of Lords, where it passes the same procedure as in the House of Commons. Then the bill is signed by the Queen and becomes law.