Пособие Initial Grammar Course Болотова Н.А

might as well take the car right there with him, so he got back into it and drove himself fifty yards and parked.

2.3Diana had a cut-glass full of marble eggs; she was holding one up now to the light.

2.4The light went out, the curtains opened, and a man came on and started making introductory noises.

2.5Simon was confused, he did not know what to say.

2.6He watched her go: he went to his window and watched her cross the courtyard below.

2.7We looked at each other for a moment and then I turned away.

2.8My watch had stopped, but I could tell the time from the hospital wall.

2.9I shut my eyes, and a bit later I heard the door close.

2.10My mother lives near Hastings now, so there is no cause to go back.

2.11Of course I like him very much or I wouldn’t think of marrying him.

2.12I knocked on the door and there was no answer, otherwise I wouldn’t have gone in.

2.13Who did you speak to and what did you say?

Exercise 3. Analyze the sentences. State the type of subordinate clause, and the way it is joined to the principal clause:

3.1He wondered what they would try on him this time.

3.2She was tired. She was beginning to think it was time that people left, but they all were talking about Germany.

3.3Anyway, I hope you will let me know what happens.

3.4She went into the kitchen to do the washing up, which she always did, these days, carefully, before going to bed.

3.5When Rose got home, she found her baby-sister Eileen had fallen asleep.

3.6He did not see how she could possibly be serious, however much she might look it.

3.7He looked at me as if I were a magician who could read his soul.

3.8He had no job, and that worried him, because it was winter.

3.9But what worried him much more was getting to Whitechapel.

3.10After we had eaten and I had settled in I went for a walk in the afternoon.

3.11Why did she silly child always wear shoes which were too small for her?

3.12After I had cleaned the rooms there was an interval in my work.

3.13I wonder where he is at this minute.

3.14I don’t believe in it, because I know it isn’t true.

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Unit 13. THE TYPES OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

По характеру вопроса и предполагаемого ответа на него в английском языке выделяются четыре типа вопросительных предложений: общие

вопросы (General Questions), специальные вопросы (Special Questions),

альтернативные вопросы (Alternative Questions) и разделительные

вопросы (Disjunctive Questions).

Общие вопросы (General Questions)

Общими называются вопросы, на которые можно ответить словами yes или no:

Do you know any of her friends? – Ты знаешь кого-либо из её друзей?

В начале общего вопроса стоит вспомогательный или модальный глагол, за ним подлежащее, за которым следует основной глагол:

Are you coming tonight? – Ты придешь сегодня вечером?

Have you helped your mother through all these years? – Ты помогал матери все эти годы?

Will you translate this article? – Ты будешь переводить эту статью?

Can I order something to eat? – Можно мне заказать что-нибудь поесть?

Примечания:

1Если сказуемым является глагол to be (а во многих случаях и to have) в Present и Past Indefinite, то в общих вопросах он ставится в начале предложения:

Are you a student? – Ты студент?

Was she in a hurry? – Она торопилась?

Have you any relatives? – У вас есть родственники?

2Между подлежащим и глаголом в общих вопросах могут стоять наречия неопределенного времени:

Have you ever seen this man? – Вы когда-либо видели этого человека?

Специальные вопросы (Special Questions)

Вопросы к отдельным членам предложения называются специальными. Они начинаются вопросительными словами who кто, what

что, какой, where где, куда, when когда, why почему, how many сколько и

другие.

Среди специальных вопросов различают:

а) вопрос к различным членам предложения, кроме подлежащего и его определения;

б) вопрос к подлежащему и его определению.

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Ввопросах к различным членам предложения после вопросительного слова порядок слов такой же, как и в общих вопросах: вспомогательный или модальный глагол, подлежащее, основной глагол, а потом другие члены предложения:

Where do you live? – Где вы живете?

How did you meet her? – Как вы встретили ее?

What did you do this afternoon? – Что вы делали сегодня днем?

How long have you known him? – Сколько времени вы знаете его?

Вспециальных вопросах, которые относятся к подлежащему или его определению, порядок слов такой же, как и в повествовательном предложении – инверсии нет, вспомогательный глагол to do в Present Indefinite и в Past Indefinite не употребляется. Если вопросительное слово является подлежащим, то после него, как и в повествовательном предложении, стоит сказуемое:

Who goes to the cinema? – Кто идет в кино?

What happened yesterday? – Что случилось вчера?

Если вопросительное слово – определение к подлежащему, после него непосредственно ставится подлежащее, а потом сказуемое:

What book produced the greatest impression on you? – Какая книга произвела на вас самое большое впечатление?

Whose children are playing in the yard? – Чьи дети играют во дворе?

Альтернативные вопросы (Alternative Questions)

Альтернативные вопросы – это вопросы выбора. Они состоят из двух частей, соединенных союзом or. Альтернативные вопросы могут иметь структуру как общих, так и специальных вопросов. Если альтернативный вопрос не относится к подлежащему, он требует полного ответа:

Is he a doctor or an engineer? – Он врач или инженер?

Where does he live: in Austin or in Washington? – Где он живет: в

Остине или в Вашингтоне?

Если альтернативный вопрос относится к подлежащему, то вспомогательный или модальный глагол употребляется также и перед вторым подлежащим. Такой вопрос требует короткого ответа:

Do you work there or does your brother? – Вы там работаете или ваш брат?

My brother does. – Мой брат.

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Разделительные вопросы (Disjunctive Questions)

Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть – повествовательное предложение в утвердительной или отрицательной форме, вторая – краткий общий вопрос, который состоит из подлежащего, выраженного личным местоимением, соответствующим подлежащему первой части, и вспомогательного или модального глагола.

Если сказуемым первой части является глагол в Present Indefinite или в Past Indefinite (кроме глаголов to be и to have), во второй части употребляются соответствующие формы вспомогательного глагола to do.

Если первая часть расчлененного вопроса имеет утвердительную форму, то во второй части употребляется отрицательная структура, а после отрицательной первой части вторая часть имеет утвердительную форму. Первая часть расчлененного вопроса имеет утвердительную форму, если спрашивающий надеется на утвердительный ответ, и отрицательную, если предполагается отрицательный ответ:

You’ve brought your luggage with you, haven’t you? – Вы привезли с собой свой багаж, не так ли?

You haven’t seen him yet, have you? – Вы еще не видели его, не так ли? But she loves you, doesn’t she? – Но ведь она любит вас, правда?

I didn’t say that, did I? – Я не говорил этого, не так ли?

You want some money, don’t you? – Вам нужны деньги, правда?

Exercise 1. Analyse the following questions. Translate them into Russian. Pay special attention to the word order in the General Questions:

1.1Was she upset?

1.2Do you think I’m getting old and ugly?

1.3Are you all right, Barney?

1.4Do you know what happened at Liberty Hall last Sunday?

1.5Have Andrew and Hilda moved yet?

1.6Do you approve of Hilda’s new place?

1.7“Have you been to confession?” – “No”. “Oughtn’t you to go?” – “May be”. “Will you go?” – “I don’t know”.

1.8Is there somebody else in the room?

1.9Have you told Frances about us?

1.10Did you meet anyone in the street on the way back?

1.11Hazel, haven’t you brought Ernest with you?

1.12Was he disappointed to find that Major Rich was out?

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Exercise 2. Analyse the following questions. Translate them into Russian. Pay special attention to the word order in the Special Questions:

2.1What have I done now?

2.2When is Frances getting married?

2.3What went wrong?

2.4But why did he despair so quickly?

2.5“Why do the men go and fight in that stupid ghastly war? Why don’t they all say, no, no, no?” – “I agree with you, Frances. But they just feel helpless. What can they do? What can any of us do?”

2.6What makes you think it’s not genuine?

2.7What’s happened, Kathleen? You look quite distracted.

2.8What on earth are you talking about, Kathleen?

2.9But why did the secretary tear up the other letter?

2.10Who saw Miss French yesterday?

2.11“Which road leads to the Wicked Witch of the West?” asked Dorothy.

Exercise 3. Analyse the following questions. Translate them into Russian. Pay special attention to the word order in the Disjunctive Questions:

3.1Things can’t go on like this, can they? Something is going to happen, isn’t it?

3.2Do you like these white daffodils? They’re rather unusual, aren’t they?

3.3You do believe me, don’t you?

3.4“You’re thinking of young Ted Gerard, aren’t you, sir?”

3.5It wouldn’t do, would it, to repeat just idle talk?

3.6And that, frankly, was a bit of a blow to us both, wasn’t it?

3.7He wasn’t staying in the house, was he?

3.8It came to the same in the end, didn’t it?

3.9You aren’t frightened of me, are you?

3.10You wanted to paint me, didn’t you?

3.11“You see how she was, don’t you, Harry?”

3.12“You don’t feel depressed, do you, Sally?”

3.13Your wife wouldn’t mind a change, would she?

3.14It’s early to go to bed, isn’t it?

3.15You don’t mind is I finish the ironing, do you?

3.16You won’t refuse, will you?

3.17“We must be very business-like, mustn’t we, Gerald?”

Exercise 4. Analyse the following questions. Translate them into Russian. Pay special attention to the word order in the Alternative Questions:

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4.1Are you a scientist or a humanitarian, young man?

4.2Tell me about the pain. Is it short and sharp, or steady and dull?

4.3Is it love I feel for him, or just pity?

4.4How can you describe there pains? Are they gradual or sudden?

4.5“He is my dog, Toto”, answered Dorothy. “Is he made of tin, or stuffed? asked the Lion. “Neither, He’s a real live dog”.

4.6Did she really say all those things to you, Kay, or did you make them up?

4.7Should we all sit round looking very stiff and formal – or should we make everybody comfortable and cosy?

4.8What do you think, Mr. Poirot? Will he give it up or will he try to carry it through?”

4.9Do you want me to find out the truth – or not?

4.10Should he stop here for a drink, or push on?

4.11Rogers addressed Miss Brent, “Will you begin, Madam, or will you wait?”

4.12Will you take cold tongue or cold ham, Madam?

4.13What are the lights like here, strong or dim?

Exercise 5. State whether the sentences given below are real questions. Translate them into Russian:

5.1Would you like to walk down the garden?

5.2“Could you dry the seat for me?” He dried the seat of the swing with his handkerchief and she sat upon it.

5.3Let’s go in, shall we?

5.4You were so rude. Why can’t you be ordinarily polite to me?

5.5How can you be so cruel?

5.6“Oh, thank you, Maudie, just put the trolley here, would you, and could you put some more turf on the fire?”

5.7“Andrew, would you mind lifting those boxes off the chairs? Be careful with them”.

5.8“Would you like to join us? It’s just a cold meal, I’m afraid”. “No, thank you”.

5.9“Kathleen, would you mind leaving me alone with Pat for a few minutes?”

5.10She waited until they were smoking and said, “Milly, would you fetch the papers?”

5.11Would you like a cup of coffee while you’re waiting?

5.12“Would you care to sit down?” he asked.

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5.13Couldn’t we go and have some fish and chips somewhere?

5.14Could I have a word with you, please?

5.15You couldn’t give me his address, by any chance?

Exercise 6. Put special questions to as many words in the sentences as you can:

6.1At that moment an extraordinary sound was heard just outside the room.

6.2Christopher seemed a little depressed by this news.

6.3Andrew scraped his knife and fork on his plate in a pretense of eating.

6.4He stares across the river at the clouded west.

6.5I watched him go down the plane and find an empty row of seats.

6.6Jane stands looking for keys in her handbag.

6.7After a moment Dan went and stared in the little mirror over the chest of drawers.

6.8I was awakened just before noon by Jane’s voice outside the room.

6.9I found Jane peeling potatoes when I returned downstairs.

6.10The telephone began to ring outside, and she went to answer it. At five he took a taxi and bought presents for all the family – a doll for Honoria, a box of Roman soldiers for the boy, flowers for Marion, big linen handkerchiefs for Lincoln.

6.11They met him in the rose garden in front of the house.

6.12The room seemed dark after the bright evening outside.

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ				Таблица 1
Неправильные глаголы (The Irregular Verbs)
Infinitive	Past Indefinite		Participle II	Перевод
I форма	II форма		III форма
arise	arose		arisen	подниматься
be	was/were		been	быть
bear	bore		born	рождать(ся)
become	became		become	становиться
begin	began		begun	начинать
bind	bound		bound	связывать
bite	bit		bitten	кусать(ся)
blow	blew		blown	дуть
break	broke		broken	ломать
bring	brought		brought	приносить
build	built		built	строить
burn	burnt		burnt	гореть, жечь
buy	bought		bought	покупать
catch	caught		caught	ловить
choose	chose		chosen	выбирать
come	came		come	приходить
cost	cost		cost	стоить
cut	cut		cut	резать
do	did		done	делать
draw	drew		drawn	рисовать
dream	dreamt		dreamt	мечтать
drink	drank		drunk	пить
drive	drove		driven	ехать
eat	ate		eaten	есть, кушать
fall	fell		fallen	падать
feel	felt		felt	чувствовать
fight	fought		fought	сражаться
find	found		found	находить
fly	flew		flown	летать
forget	forgot		forgotten	забывать
get	got		got	получать
give	gave		given	давать
go	went		gone	идти
grow	grew		grown	расти
hang	hung		hung	висеть
have	had		had	иметь
hear	heard		heard	слышать
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Infinitive	Past Infinitive		Participle	Перевод
I форма	II форма		III форма
hide	hid		hidden	прятать
hold	held		held	держать
hurt	hurt		hurt	удариться
keep	kept		kept	держать
know	knew		known	знать
lead	lead		lead	вести
learn	learnt		learnt	учить(ся)
leave	left		left	оставлять
lend	lent		lent	одалживать
let	let		let	позволять
lie	lay		lain	лежать
light	lit		lit	освещать
lose	lost		lost	терять
make	made		made	делать
mean	meant		meant	значить
meet	met		met	встречать
pay	paid		paid	платить
put	put		put	класть
read	read		read	читать
ride	rode		ridden	ездить верхом
ring	rang		rung	звонить
rise	rose		risen	подниматься
run	ran		run	бежать
say	said		said	говорить
see	saw		seen	видеть
sell	sold		sold	продавать
send	sent		sent	посылать
shake	shook		shaken	трясти
shine	shone		shone	сиять, светить
shoot	shot		shot	стрелять
show	showed		shown	показывать
shut	shut		shut	закрывать
sing	sang		sung	петь
sit	sat		sat	сидеть
sleep	slept		slept	спать
speak	spoke		spoken	говорить
spend	spent		spent	тратить
spring	sprang		sprung	прыгать
stand	stood		stood	стоять
steal	stole		stolen	красть
stride	strode		stridden	шагать
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Infinitive	Past Infinitive	Participle	Перевод
I форма	II форма	III форма
strike	struck	struck	бить; бастовать
swear	swore	sworn	клясться
sweep	swept	swept	мести, подметать
swim	swam	swum	плавать
swing	swung	swung	качаться
take	took	taken	брать
teach	taught	taught	обучать
tear	tore	torn	рвать
tell	told	told	рассказывать
think	thought	thought	думать
throw	threw	thrown	бросать
thrust	thrust	thrust	толкать
tread	trod	trodden	ступать
understand	understood	understood	понимать
upset	upset	upset	расстраивать
wake	woke	woken	будить
wear	wore	worn	носить
weave	wove	woven	ткать
weep	wept	wept	плакать
win	won	won	выигрывать
wind	wound	wound	заводить
wring	wrung	wrung	скручивать
write	wrote	written	писать

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