5. Describe outbound tourism in rf nowadays.

we also see that in this period the interest of Russians

increased to Turkey and Egypt. According to UNWTO, in 1996 122.000, Russians

visited Egypt and by 2010, this figure increased up to 2.700.000, visitors. Turkey was

visited by 750.000, people in 2001, and by 3.000.000, people in 2010. Growing

popularity of this directions allow tour operators to offer lower cost, mass tours that

allows middle class to buy them.

The increase in the number of departing

tourists is due to increase in middle-class Russians, that is, those citizens who can afford

to travel abroad on holiday

Russia has become the market's fastest growing outbound tourism in Europe and

Spain is the favourite destination for Russian tourists to holiday in Europe.

The majority of Russian tourists would like to relax in a country that meets the

following requirements: obligatory presence of the sea and the beach, a rich culture and

history of the country, the possibility of evening and night entertainment.

6 Push and pull factors in tourism

Push factors are defined as internal motives or forces that cause tourists to seek activities to reduce their needs, while pull factors are destination generated forces and the knowledge that tourists hold about a destination. Most push factors are instrinsic motivators, such as the desire for escape, rest and relaxation, prestige, health and fitness, adventure and social interaction. Pull factors emerge due to the attractiveness of a destination, including beaches, recreation facilities and cultural attractions Traditionally, push factors are considered important in initiating travel desire, while pull factors are considered more decisive in explaining destination choice

Crompton (1979) identifies two clusters of motives among pleasure vacationers, namely socio-psychological motives and cultural motives. Nine motives were generated based on an analysis of 39 unstructured interviews. the seven socio-psychological motives are; escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships and facilitation of social interaction; those classified as cultural motives are novelty and education. Although not explicit, Crompton hopes to link these motives to push and pull factors by arguing that push factors for a vacation are socio-psychological motives, while pull factors are cultural motives.

7 Speak about trends in tourism in the last ten years

Like everything else, the tourism industry is evolving in many different ways. One of the most important is the way that the internet has changed the way people organize and book their vacations: a lot of it is now personalized and done online. The high street retail travel agency hasn’t disappearing. Many travel agencies have gone out of business since the advent internet bookings.

There’s definitely been a growing trend towards more sustainable tourism, in particular, adventure tourism in countries where there hasn’t yet been a significant tourism industry. So, governments in a lot of emerging countries are attract foreign direct investment. As a result, remote areas are being opened up jobs are being created and revenues are being generated. The current trend towards adventure tourism and extreme sports in particular is expanding rapidly.

The touristic demographic profile – the number of people over 55 has been increasing steadily in Europe, so the number of packages targeting senior citizens has been rising. I also think there’s another important underlying trend: people are living under increased level of stress, so they’ve been looking for activities to reduce the level of stress in their lives. So, we’ve seen a shift from recreational tourism products to more spiritual experiences like yoga or wellness vacations; people are increasingly looking for a meaning to their lives.