- •Series Editor Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Evaluation
- •Treatment
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Background
- •Normal Pubertal Stages
- •Differential Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty
- •Evaluation [1, 3, 4]
- •Treatment [1, 2]
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Background
- •Differential Diagnosis of Delayed Puberty
- •Evaluation
- •History and Physical Examination
- •Laboratory Investigation and Imaging
- •Treatment
- •Discussion
- •Suggested Readings
- •Discussion
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Evaluation
- •Treatment
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs)
- •Iodine Supplementation for Pregnancy and Lactation
- •Screening for Maternal Hypothyroidism
- •Maternal Subclinical Hypothyroidism
- •Thyroid Autoimmunity
- •Maternal Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis
- •Maternal Hyperthyroidism: Treatment
- •Postpartum Thyroiditis
- •Summary
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •Intrauterine Pathology
- •Thin Lining
- •Endometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA)
- •Chronic Endometritis
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •History
- •Physical Exam
- •Semen Analysis
- •Laboratory Testing
- •Genetic Testing
- •Adjunctive Tests
- •Imaging
- •References
- •Discussion
- •Pathophysiology
- •Evaluation
- •Treatment
- •Lifestyle Changes
- •Medications
- •Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
- •Vacuum Erection Device
- •Intraurethral Alprostadil
- •Intracavernosal Injections
- •Surgery
- •References
- •Discussion
- •History
- •Semen Analysis
- •Physical Examination
- •Proper Varicocele Examination
- •Laboratory Investigations
- •Additional Investigations for the Pain Include
- •Other Investigations for Infertility in the Context of Varicoceles
- •Treatment
- •Indications for Varicocele Treatment Include the Following
- •Numerous Treatments for Varicocele Exist
- •References
- •Discussion
- •Semen Analysis
- •History and Physical Examination
- •Laboratory Investigations
- •Testicular Biopsy
- •Treatment
- •Surgical Techniques for Sperm Retrieval [13]
- •Fresh Vs. Frozen Sperm
- •Counseling
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Background
- •Epidemiology
- •Evaluation
- •Treatment
- •Non-ART Treatment
- •Accelerated Utilization of ART
- •ART Success Rates
- •Recent Trends in ART
- •Discussion
- •Conclusion
- •Suggested Readings
- •Evaluation
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Discussion
- •Suggested Readings
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Index
Index
A
Abnormal initial semen analysis, 91 Abnormal prolactin, 36
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), 54 evaluation of, 54
hormonal pro le, 54 laboratory testing, 55 medical history, 53 pathophysiology of, 54 pelvic exam, 53 transvaginal ultrasound, 53
Acupuncture, 50 Adhesion formation, 8 Ambiguous genitalia
differential diagnosis, 1, 2 evaluation, 3, 4 treatment, 5–7
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), 54, 80 American Thyroid Association (ATA)
guidelines for pregnancy, 78 Anastrozole, 182
Androgen receptor (AR) gene, 4 Androgens, 2
Aneuploidy, 232, 234 Antiandrogens, 66
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), 99, 117, 121, 231, 237, 249
Anti-sperm antibody (ASA), 151, 170 Antithyroid drugs (ATD), 82
Antral follicular count (AFC), 127 Aromatase inhibitors, 66
Arti cial oocyte activation (AOA), 188 Aspiration, 101
Assisted reproductive technology (ART), 152, 220, 225
accelerated utilization, 217, 218 epidemiology, 214
evaluation, 214, 215 indications, 217 recent trends, 219 safety, 220
success rates, 219 treatment, 216, 217 Asymptomatic myomas, 104
Azoospermia, 175–177, 180–182
genetic work-up and implications, 180 history and physical examination, 178, 179 laboratory investigations, 179, 180 obstructive, 181
post-testicular, 176, 177 pre-testicular, 176 testicular, 176, 180
B
Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 21
Bilateral tubal patency, 100
Biochemical testing, 94
Bone marrow-related illnesses, 21
C
Central nervous system (CNS) lesion, 28 Central precocious puberty (CPP), 12 Centrosome assessment, 191, 192
Child intelligence quotient (IQ), 79 Chromotubation, 100, 110
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 |
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P. H. Chung, Z. Rosenwaks (eds.), Problem-Focused Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Contemporary Endocrinology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19443-6
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254
Chronic endometritis, 136
Chronic iron de ciency anemia, 103 Chronic orchialgia, 165 Clomiphene citrate, 68
Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test (CCCT), 117
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 203 Cognitive development, 80
Cognitive restructuring, 204
Combined oral contraceptives (OCs), 66 Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
(CAIS), 4, 30
Complete blood count (CBC), 54 Congenital renal anomalies, 39–40 Constitutional delay of growth and puberty
(CDGP), 20, 28
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), 118, 225
Cryopreservation of embryos, 237 Cumulative pregnancy, 234, 235
D
Decreased ovarian reserve, 115, 117, 118 anti-Mullerian hormone, 117
controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, 118 diagnosis, 118
growth hormone, 118 treatment, 119
Delayed puberty background, 19 de ned, 20
differential diagnosis of, 20, 21
history and physical examination, 21, 22 laboratory investigation and
imaging, 22, 23 treatment, 23
Dermoid cysts, 110, 111 Diagnostic laparoscopy, 50
Disorders of sexual development (DSD), 1 DNA fragmentation, 170
Doppler imaging, 110, 111 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan
(DEXA), 121 Dysmenorrhea
anaerobic metabolites, 48 diagnostic laparoscopy, 49 lower abdominal pain, 48 NSAIDs and acetaminophen, 49
patient education and reassurance, 49 physical exam, 47
Index
E
Embryo cryopreservation, 243 Endometrial cancer, 66 Endometrial factor, 133, 134, 136
chronic endometritis, 136, 137 endometrial receptivity analysis, 136 intrauterine pathology, 134
thin lining, 135 Endometrial hyperplasia, 66
Endometrial receptivity analysis (ERA), 133, 135, 136
Endometriosis
clinical pregnancy rates, 101 diagnostic laparoscopy, 100 mechanisms for, 100 medical management of, 112
ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination, 101
prevalence of, 111
randomized controlled trials, 100 Epididymitis, 164
Erectile dysfunction (ED), 155–157 endocrine dysfunction, 156 evaluation, 157
iatrogenic, 156 lifestyle changes, 158 medications, 156, 159
neurologic conditions, 156 pathophysiology, 157 psychologic issues, 156 vacuum erection device, 159 vascular disorders, 156
European Medicines Agency, 105
F
Ferriman-Gallwey (F-G) score, 59 Fertility counseling, 199–202
cognitive behavioral, 202 intrauterine insemination, 199 in vitro fertilization, 199
Fertility preservation, 237, 243 egg freezing, 239
embryo cryopreservation, 238 oocyte cryopreservation, 237 ovarian tissue, 237
sperm, 237
Fetal thyroid gland, 78
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), 190 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 148, 169,
208, 249
Index
Follicular atresia, 90
Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1), 123 Frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET), 219 Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, 27, 34 Functional hypothalamic hypogonadism, 95 Functional ovarian cyst, 110
G
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), 216 Genetic and epigenetic pro ling, 194 Genome wide ampli cation studies
(GWAS), 64 Globozoospermia, 188, 194, 196 Gonadal dysgenesis, 28 Gonadal germ cells, 7 Gonadectomy, 6, 9
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), 67, 101, 118
Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a), 101, 105
Graves’ disease, 82
H
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWW), 45
Hirsutism causes of, 59 de ned, 58
external genital exam, 58 growth phase, 58 involution phase, 58
ovarian stromal hyperthecosis, 61 physical exam, 57, 59 reproductive-aged or postmenopausal
woman, 61 resting phase, 58 treatment options, 58 ultrasound, 60
urine and serum pregnancy tests, 58 Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), 7, 123 Hot fash, 248
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 78, 94, 182
Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG), 237, 242
Hydrocele, 164 21-Hydroxylase de ciency, 2
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 2 Hyperandrogenism, 60 Hyperprolactinemia
causes of, 72
255
drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, 73 management of, 74
physical exam, 72 secondary causes of, 73 transvaginal ultrasound, 72 treatment of, 74
Hypothalamic dysfunction diagnosis of, 94 dynamic testing, 95
functional hypothalamic hypogonadism, 95 nonfunctional causes of, 94
Hysterosalpingography (HSG), 90, 122, 127, 134
Hysteroscopic myomectomy, 104
I
Infertility evaluation de ned, 88
medications/supplements, 87 ovulatory function, 89 physical examination, 88, 89 semen analysis report, 88
Inguinal hernia, 165 Injectable gonadotropins, 96
Injectable ovulation induction (IUI), 96 Insulin resistance, 64
Intermittent testicular torsion, 164 International Federation of Gynecology and
Obstetrics (FIGO), 54, 104 Intrabdominal testes, 26 Intracavernosal injections, 160 Intracervical insemination (ICI), 209
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 81, 148, 188, 194
Intramural myoma, 103
Intrauterine insemination (IUI), 199, 208, 209, 231–232
cervical factor, 209 male factor, 210 mild male factor, 209
ovulation induction, 208 treatment, 208
Iodine supplementation, 79 Isolated GnRH de ciency, 28
In vitro fertilization (IVF), 67, 88, 99, 112, 188
K
Kallmann syndrome, 21, 176
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256
L
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling, 68
Laparoscopic surgery, 100, 102
Letrozole, 68, 182
Live birth rate, 234
Luteinizing hormone, 209
M
Macroadenomas, 74
Macro/microscopic broid fragments, 106 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 6, 14, 41 Male genitalia, 1
Male infertility, 148 adjunctive tests, 152 genetic testing, 151 history, 148, 149 imaging, 152 laboratory testing, 150 physical exam, 149 semen analysis, 150
Malnutrition, 21
Mature cystic teratomas, 111 Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH)
syndrome, 30 McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), 17 Medical therapy, 101
Menopause, 246 diagnosis, 247
differential diagnosis, 246 hot fash, 245, 248 imaging evaluation, 246 laboratory evaluation, 246 management, 247–249 patient history, 246 physical exam, 246
Menstrual cycles, 12 Metformin (Glucophage®), 66 Methimazole (MMI), 83 Microadenomas, 74 Microsurgical epididymal sperm
aspiration, 182
Microtubule organizing center (MTOC), 191 Mild dysmenorrhea, 87
Miscarriage rate, 232, 234, 235 Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis (MGD), 3 Mullerian anomalies
delay in diagnosis, 43 evaluation, 40
MRI, 42 physical exam, 42 treatment, 43, 45
ultrasound imaging, 40
Index
Myelodysplastic syndrome, 241
Myomas, 105
Myomectomy, 105
N
Next generation sequencing (NGS), 194 Non-obstructive azoospermia, 181 Normal testicular function, 4
O
Obesity, 64 Obstetric history, 35
Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA), 42, 45
Oocyte cryopreservation, 243
Oral contraception pill (OCP), 74, 105, 109, 122
Oral progestins, 36 Orchitis, 164 Ovarian cysts, 110
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), 67, 224
classi cation, 226–227 evaluation, 224
incidence and severity, 228 management, 226, 228, 229 pathophysiology, 225 prevention, 227
treatment, 227 Ovarian reserve, 90
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC), 241–244
Ovarian transposition, 243 Overt hypothyroidism, 80 Ovulatory dysfunction, 89
P
Packed red cells (PRBCs), 242 Para-testicular mass, 165 Partial AIS (PAIS), 4
Pelvic exam, 93
Pelvic ultrasound, 14, 36, 95, 111 Penile doppler ultrasound (PDUS), 158 Penile implant surgery, 160, 161 Peripheral precocious puberty (PPP), 12 Permanent hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism, 21 Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i), 156 Physical examination, 19
Physiologic hypersecretion, 72
Index
Planned oocyte cryopreservation, 238 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS),
29, 94, 207
clinical presentation of, 64 differential diagnosis of, 65 laboratory testing, 65 pathophysiology of, 64 physical examination, 63, 65 prevalence of, 64 ultrasound examination, 65
Postpartum thyroiditis, 83 Prader-Willi syndrome, 21 Precocious puberty
background, 11 differential diagnosis of, 12 evaluation of, 14, 16 normal pubertal stages, 12 treatment
CPP, 16
non-exhaustive differential diagnoses of, 14
PPP, 17
Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), 7, 118, 124, 219, 232
Pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), 128, 233
Pre-menstrual bloating, 87 Primary amenorrhea
causes of, 26 de nition, 26
differential diagnosis, 27–31 etiologies of, 26
evaluation of, 26, 27 gonadal dysgenesis, 28
hypothalamic and pituitary disease, 27 outfow tract abnormalities, 29–31 polycystic ovarian syndrome, 29
Primary ovarian insuf ciency (POI), 36, 121, 122, 243
diagnosis, 123
fragile X syndrome, 123
hormone replacement therapy, 124 management, 123
Progestins, 50, 66 Prolactin, 72 Prolactinomas, 73 Propylthiouracil (PTU), 83 Prostatitis, 164
Protamine assay, 189 Pseudoephedrine, 181
Psychoeducational counseling, 202, 203 Putative approach, 15
257
R
Radiation therapy, 74–75 Reconstructive surgery, 8 Recurrent pregnancy loss, 143
anatomic evaluation, 143 anti-phospholipid antibodies, 143 etiologies, 144
maternal age, 143, 145
maternal endocrinological diseases, 143 treatment, 144, 145
uterine anatomic issues, 143
Recurrent spontaneous abortions (rSAB), 141, 142, 144
Repeated surgeries, 102 Reproductive endocrinologist, 199 Rotterdam criteria, 64
S
Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS), 134 Salpingectomy, 130
Scrotal testes, 6 Secondary amenorrhea, 97
breast and pelvic exam, 35 causes of, 35
physical examination, 35 Secondary dysmenorrhea, 49
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), 248
Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs), 105
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), 248
Semen analysis, 188 Sexual development, 1
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 87 Sexual transmitted disease, 164
Single embryo transfer (SET), 219 Sperm activating factor assessment, 191 Sperm aneuploidy assessment, 190 Sperm chromatin fragmentation (SCF),
189, 190
Sperm function assays, 195 Spontaneous conception, 90 Spontaneous POI (sPOI), 123
Stem cell transplantation (SCT), 243 Sterile abscesses, 16
Stress, 199, 200, 202 Subclinical hypothyroidism, 77 Submucosal myomas, 106
Submucous resection (SMR), 106 Superovulation protocol, 194
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Supportive counseling, 203
Surgical ablation/excision, 100
Swyer syndrome, 29
T
Tanner stages, 13 Testicular malignancy, 164 Thyroid and reproduction
diagnosis, 82
iodine supplementation, 79 maternal hypothyroidism, 80 postpartum thyroiditis, 83 subclinical hypothyroidism, 77 thyroid autoimmunity, 81 thyroid function tests, 78 treatment, 83
Thyroid antibodies, 81 Thyroid autoimmunity, 81
Thyroid binding globulin (TBG), 78 Thyroid function tests (TFTs), 78 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 123 Tissue containment system, 106
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 50
Transdermal estrogen, 96
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 192 Transvaginal ultrasound, 93, 96, 103
Trauma, 164
TruClear morcellator, 104 Tubal factor, 128
hydrosalpinx, 128 hysterosalpingogram, 127, 128 intrauterine insemination, 129 in vitro fertilization, 128 management, 128 salpingectomy, 130
Index
Tubal patency, 91
Turner’s syndrome, 20, 29
U
Urethrovaginal stulae, 8
Urine and serum hCG, 54
Urine pregnancy test, 71, 72, 109
Uterus didelphys, 42
V
Vacuum erection device, 159 Vaginal dilation, 8
Vaginal stenosis, 8 Vaginoplasty, 8 Varicoceles, 163, 164
hypogonadism, 166 infertility history, 166 laboratory investigations, 169 pain history, 165
physical examination, 167
proper varicocele examination, 168 scrotal ultrasound, 169
semen analysis, 167 sexual history, 166 treatment, 170–172
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 225
Virilization, 60
Visual eld defects, 74 Vitals signs, 109
W
World Health Organization (WHO), 79