Text analysis Ex. 6

1. Refer to paragraph 1 and a) translate the sentence containing “therefore”; b) what is the meaning of “as” in the following phrase “crude as it comes out of the ground is dark, gooey stuff”?

2. Read paragraph 2 and translate the word “functions” in the following sentence: “These functions often are categorized as "upstream" or "downstream."

3. Refer to paragraph 4 and using a dictionary, identify the meaning of “enter”.

4. Look at paragraph 5. What is meant by the two “those” in the last sentence? Do they have the same meaning?

5. Study paragraph 7 and say why the author says “indeed”.

6. Look at paragraph 8 and translate the sentence: “Their concentrations may be even narrower; some independents focus on exploration, while some prefer to conduct only development and production operations.” What is the meaning of “while” in the sentence?

7. Go to paragraph 9. What is meant by “all else being equal”?

8. In paragraph 10 a) what is meant by “both perspectives”? b) explain the meaning of the word “internally”; c) translate the sentence: “Whatever its other merits and drawbacks, integration brings into focus the vital dual nature of crude oil prices as both key determi­nant of producer revenues and principal cost for refiners.”

Ex. 7

Find English equivalents to the following Russian word combinations:

Part I

Прежде всего

Неизвестная величина

Содержит много серы и металлов

Почти прозрачная

Специальное химическое преобразование

Посредством процесса переработки

Люди, которые знакомы с ней

по крайней мере

перерабатывать добытые флюиды

определение перспективного участка

действовать по отдельности

ранее отдельные операции

автомобильные перевозки

говоря простым языком

Part II

Смена собственника

структура торговли

специализация может быть уже

Ex. 8

Find in Text I the names of specialties related to oil industry and make a list of them.

Ex. 9

Match A & B, and say what each specialist does.

A	B
Geologist	drills wells
Geophysicist	develops the field
Geologist	refines crude oil
Drilling crew	explores for oil
Production engineer	trucks, pipelines and ships oil and gas
Chemical engineer	combines geophysical information with field observations and information from any wells drilled in the study area to gener­ate a "prospect"—a location to be drilled
Transportation engineer	thinks of ways to make consumers buy products rather than those of competitors
Marketing specialist	produces seismic sections and interprets them to produce a map of the underground

Words Ex. 10

Match words in A with their explanations in B

A	B
Blend	petroleum in its natural condition, before it has been treated in an industrial process
Consumer	include
Contractor	to provide people with something that they need or want, especially regularly over a long period of time
Convey	to gain control over or responsibility for
Crude oil	material of any sort, of which something is made
Feasible	a person or company that makes an agreement to do work for another company
Feedstock	a material such as coal or oil in its natural state before being treated in order to make things
Involve	a person who buys and uses goods and services
Raw material	a substance that is used to make a product
Revenue	to thoroughly mix together soft or liquid substances to form a single smooth substance
Rock	the worth of something in money or as compared with other goods for which it might be changed
Stuff	a large piece or mass of stone
Supply	able to be done, possible
Take over	money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services
Value	to take or carry from one place to another

Ex. 11

Build words and translate them into Russian:

employ	employer employee	employment	-------------	employable
		blend	--------------
	-------------------		category
characterize
			conductivity
		consumption	------------
	conveyor		----------------
compete			----------------
				contaminative
		-----------------	contract
		determinant
		-----------------	enhancement
		extract
	generator			generative
		heat
locate			--------------	-----------------
			lubricant
	manufacturer
	organizer
		performance	--------------	performing
			product
			recognition
			refining
		--------------	specialization
			storage
			supply
				usable

Ex.12

Some English words are used as both nouns and verbs without changing their graphical form, e.g. use:

The use of oil for lighting is not very practical.

People use oil and its products for heating and powering engines.

Mind the pronunciation!

Use (n) - [ju:s]

Use (v) - [ju:z]

Here are some more words used as both nouns and verbs without changing their graphical form.

Work in pairs. Check the pronunciation of these words in the dictionary and write down Russian equivalents to these pairs in blank spaces:

Concentrate __________________ to concentrate _______________________

Market __________________ to market _______________________

Focus __________________ to focus ________________________

Extract __________________ to extract ________________________

Value __________________ to value ________________________

Service __________________ to service ________________________

Think of your own sentences with these pairs. Write them down.