Глебовский Англ. яз. ч1 09

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

	[	]; [	[	]; [
[	]; [	]; [	]; [	[	];
[	]; [	]; [	]; [		]
		B
precision	arrangement	modificate	layout		modification
structural	arrogant	flexible	protection		specific
cladding	partition	subsequent	feature		figure
specify	compose	installation	services		compress

ТекстA

STEEL-FRAMED BUILDING

In order to explain the various features which enable the design of a multi-storey steel-framed building to make full use of the constructional material, it is necessary to start with the properties of the supporting structural system itself. The main constructional work, the cladding and the services should correspond to this.

The basic components of a steel structure are steel sections. These include thin-walled slender elements which possess high load-bearing capacity having at the same time small overall dimensions and low weight. The system that performs the load-bearing function, the structural steel frame, is assembled from these relatively slender steel members. The frame is thus a skeleton which

does not have a space-enclosing function to perform, although it does provide support for such space-enclosing elements as floors, walls and partitions.

The steelwork is usually prefabricated in a factory, structural steelwork mass production techniques being favourable.

The successful use of the favourable properties of structural steelwork can be more efficiently achieved if the space-enclosing system is designed so that it is:

composed of prefabricated units which ensure that the particular speed of erection of structural steelwork results in a short overall construction time; light, so that the overall weight of the building is minimized;

adaptable to flexible internal layout of the floor space in the steel-framed building and to modification of its components;

suitable for the specific properties and features of the structural steel frame; economical from the point of view of fire protection.

The open arrangement of the structural steel frame enables the installation and subsequent modification of services and equipment in both the vertical and horizontal directions.

Notes:

constructional material		конструкционный материал
favourable adj. удобный, подходящий
load-bearing capacity		несущая способность
make use of	использовать
skeleton n.	каркас

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why is it necessary to know the properties of the supporting structural system?

2.What are the basic components of a steel structure?

3.What kind of elements are they?

4.What is assembled from these members?

5.What is the function the structural steel frame performs?

6.What is the one it does not?

7.Which production techniques are favourable for structural steelwork?

8.What are the requirements to the space-enclosing system?

9.What does the open arrangement of the structural steel frame enable?

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Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

structural steelwork, partition (n.), feature (n.), layout (n.), structural steel frame, services (n.), modification (n.), flexible (adj.), fire protection, compose (v.), arrangement (n.), steel-framed building, installation (n.), assemble (v.), spaceenclosing, cladding (n.), subsequent (adj.), frame (n.).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

приводить к, позволять, легко приспосабливаемый, соответствовать, точка зрения, свободный, тот же самый, гарантировать, эффективно, технология, сборный, обеспечивать, хотя, общий, стальные конструкции, тонкий, обладать, характерный, успешный, скорость.

Упражнение3. Найдитевтекстетермины, связанныесособенностями и свойствами стальных несущих конструкций. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

anchor	закреплять	difference	различный
location	положение	bear	опираться
sometimes	иногда	reason	причина
state	состояние	span	пролёт
subject	подвергать	unreinforced	армированный
considerable	предусмотренный	estimate	оценка
light	лёгкий	area	пространство
essentially	по существу	rock	скальный грунт
pile	свая	because of	потому что
experience	опыт	settle	оседать

Упражнение 5. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

specific	flexible	solid
slender	upper	constant
	Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитепредложениясобъектныминфинитивным оборотом.

1.The frame does not have a space-enclosing function to perform, although it provides support for walls, floors and partitions.

2.The various features enable the design of a multi-storey building to make full use of the constructional material.

3.The system showed the structural steel frame to perform the load-bearing function.

4.The design includes thin-walled slender elements to possess high loadbearing capacity.

5.They expected the space-enclosing system to be designed successfully.

6.We want load-bearing structures to be slender.

7.The soil not being adequate caused the designers to use piles for foundation.

8.The builders rely (полагаться на, рассчитывать на) on construction joints to reduce the effects of shrinkage.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите форму и функцию инфинитива.

1.The usual design technique is to estimate a required footing thickness.

2.Walls are used to span from column to column.

3.To fix wood is not difficult if we use nails, screws, bolts, etc.

4.The pedestal reinforcing may be done with smaller bars.

5.The building material to be used should be porous.

6.Materials have to function under different conditions.

7.The high-rise buildings are to be constructed as very rigid tubes.

8.All buildings have to be stiff for resistance to loads.

9.The structure to be built will be a steel-framed one.

10.It is necessary to start with the properties of the supporting structural system.

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Упражнение 3. Задайте пять общих вопросов к тексту А.

Упражнение4. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1.Construction joints provided, the effects of shrinkage can be reduced.

2.Cast-in-place concrete requires much time before the removal of the formwork, the concrete having to gain sufficient strength before it can support itself.

3.Carbon steels are cheap and convenient to use, the class including steels which have not more than 0.25 % carbon.

4.The design having been approved (одобрять) the construction began.

5.The dimensional stability of a coated fabric depends mainly on the fibre, the light transmission depending mainly on the coating in use.

6.Glass having low thermal conductivity, significant temperature dif-ferences can be found within any glass in general use.

Текст B

BRACING

All buildings have to be stiffened for resistance to wind loads, but in certain parts of the world they have to be given additional bracing so as to withstand earthquake and other horizontal forces.

The decision on the adequate method of bracing affects:

Use of building Stiffening with the help of lattice bracing results in fixed points in the building thus restricting the possibilities of internal layout and arrangement of the circulation system. The methods of stiffening and their arrangement within the structure are of major importance for the design.

Economy A building can be stiffened by means of steel bracing or by concrete walls or cores. Cores are heavy, require more elaborate foundations, and, for tall buildings, have to be constructed with thicker walls and more reinforcement than necessary for the fire protection of the services. Vertical steel bracing is therefore usually the less expensive solution, especially when arranged in large bays or panels.

Effect on appearance If the bracing is placed in the external walls of the building and takes the form of rigid frames or systems with externally exposed diagonal members the pattern of force transmission is clearly shown: but the

building may have an appearance which is not usual. This method allows those high-rise buildings which are square, rectangular or circular on plan to be constructed as very rigid tubes.

Notes:

elaborate adj. сложный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Where have buildings to be given additional bracing?

2.How does bracing affect the design of the building?

3.How does it influence the economy of construction?

4.What is the effect of bracing on the building appearance?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы какчастисказуемого и переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдитевтексте объектные инфинитивныеконст-

рукции(Objective-with-the-Infinitive-Construction) ипереведитеихнарус-

ский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

circular (adj.), expose (v.), lattice bracing, diagonal (adj.), stiffening (n.), bracing (n.), circulation (n.), stiffen (v.), core (n.), wind load, bay (n.), external (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

A	B	A	B
квадратный	rectangular	жёсткий	earthquake
землетрясение	heavy	внешний вид	major
располагать	results in	их	certain
таким образом	therefore	внутри	square

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определенный	clearly	основной	arrange
устанавливать	point	приводить к	by means of
посредством	within	труба	solution
решение	appearance	поэтому	their
тяжёлый	rigid	точка	place
отчётливо	thus	прямоугольный	tube

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечислен-
ных ниже слов:	ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответству-
stiff – stiffen v. – stiffening n.	ющим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите,
	что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.
mean v. – means – by means of						A
	[	[		];	[		]; [	[	];
	[		[	]; [		]; [	]; [	[	];
					[	]; [	]
						B
	John			grillage	waffle		certain	compose
	intersect			distinguish	way		bay	cavity
	elongated			view	join		junction	in-situ
	curtain			buy	narrow		inspect	comprise

ТекстA

FLOOR STRUCTURE IN STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS

A multi-storey building comprises a number of floors which are erected one above the other and which, in a framed structure, are supported at certain specific points. The vertical and horizontal forces acting upon the framework are transmitted to the foundations.

From the structural point of view, a floor in a framed building consists of a number of floor bays. The following shapes on plan may be distinguished:

Square concrete slab The simplest type of construction is the solid concrete slab. With long spans, such slabs tend to be very thick and heavy. To reduce weight, the slab may be formed with internal cavities or composed of a system of one-way or two-way ribs joined together by a relatively thin top layer of concrete, the latter being described as a waffle slab. The load transmission conditions being approximately the same in both directions,

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a planning grid with a square mesh is often adopted, this being typical of insitu concrete construction.

Rectangular floor bay The structural steel floor comprises the floor slab and the beams that support it. It is characteristic of steel-framed buildings that the floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only and that the floor slabs are generally supported, on two sides. To construct a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involves considerable effort in structural steelwork, as it is necessary to cut the intersecting beams at every junction and connect them again in a manner suitable to transmit the loads.

In general, the weight of the slab should be as low as possible. To achieve this, the supporting beams must be quite closely spaced, so that the actual slab spans only short distances. The typical component of the floor structure of a steel-framed building is the narrow elongated floor bay. The span of the floor beams is generally between 6.00 and 20.00 m, while the width of the bays varies from 1.50 to 3.00 m.

Notes:

again adv. снова

waffle slab железобетонная плита с перекрёстными рёбрами

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What does a multi-storey building comprise?

2.Where are floors supported?

3.What kinds of forces are transmitted to the foundations?

4.What is the simplest floor shape?

5.How can the weight of the floor slab be reduced?

6.What is typical of in-situ-concrete construction?

7.What does the structural steel floor comprise?

8.Why does construction of a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involve considerable effort?

9.How can low weight of the slab be achieved?

10.What are the general dimensions of an elongated floor bay?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

grillage (n.), junction (n.), intersect (v.), two-way (adj.), elongated (adj.), insitu (adj.), planning grid, join (v.), space (v.), cavity (n.), framework (n.), oneway (adj.), rib (n.).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

пролёт, передача, типичный, метр, втовремякак, какможнониже, балка, приблизительно, обычно (2), перекрытие, от … до …, горизонтальный, стальная несущая конструкция, один над другим, последний (из перечисленных), выбирать, выделять, характерный, включать, вместе, многоэтажное здание, толстый, значительный.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией перекрытий. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

a number of	номер	top	верхний
mesh	сетка	solid	сплошной
cut	разрезать	internal	внутренний
as	так как	reduce	сокращение
both	оба	the same	тот же
erect	выпрямлять	involve	повлечь за собой
core	центральный ствол	suitable	подходящий
external	внешний	advantage	преимущество
bracing	монтаж связей	soil	грунт
wind load	ветровая нагрузка	principal	главный

Упражнение 5. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

join	specific	upper
in-situ concrete	slender	primary
comprise	feature	exterior

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

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1.The Romans sometimes used iron rods to strengthen their buildings.

2.To produce compressive prestress a concrete member can be placed between two abutments, with jacks between its ends and the abutments, and pressure is applied with the jacks.

3.In contrast with cast-in-place concrete construction, precast concrete requires field connections to tie the structure together.

4.To reduce weight, the slab may be formed with internal cavities.

5.In ground of worse bearing quality the separate footings under the walls of a building can be combined to form a single thicker and deeper raft foundation.

6.With a concrete wall additional width is used to support the wall forms while the concrete is poured.

7.Builders mix cement with sand, aggregate and water to make concrete.

8.People build every building project to get a structure which will function for some time.

9.The builder has to understand building materials to produce the satisfactory structure.

10.Sometimes concrete is prestressed mostly in order to prevent cracking.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1.The basis of modern production of elements in concrete is hydraulic cement powder, one of the most versatile binders known.

2.An increase in the value of this ratio would produce a concrete with more voids giving lower compressive strength.

3.The fire resistance can be made a little lower by aggregates containing silica.

4.The safest technique used appeared to be the best.

5.In this respect it is usually better than unreinforced masonry.

6.Failure takes place when an object can no longer serve its purpose.

7.Failure unit stress may be smaller than that determined experimentally.

8.The qualities of most fabrics will not become worse in the range of temperatures from at least – 40 °C to + 60 °C.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обратите внимание на причастия и причастные обороты.

1.The forces acting upon the framework are transmitted to the foundations.

2.A floor in a framed building consists of a number of floor bays.

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3.The space required for services is significant in the selection of the arrangement of beams.

4.To make toughened glass its surface, being at a high temperature, is rapidly cooled.

5.At high temperature GRP even moderate stressed can fail with time.

6.The slab, supported at its four corners, transmits the loads to the columns.

Упражнение 4. Задайтепять общих и пятьальтернативныхвопросовк тексту А.

Текст B

TYPES OF FLOOR WITH STEEL BEAMS

The shorter the route taken by a load to its foundations and the fewer the elements involved in the process, the greater the economy of the structure. Nevertheless, the space required for services is significant in the selection of the arrangement of the main and secondary beams, their interrelationship and their depth.

Floor without steel beams The flat concrete slab, supported at its four corners, transmits the loads directly to the columns. With long spans the slab is very heavy. Therefore, this form of construction can be used only in combination with closely spaced columns.

Floors with one-way beam systems The floor beams are supported directly by the columns. The force transmission routes being short, this is an economical solution. The planning grid consists of elongated rectangles with columns widely spaced in one direction, closely spaced in the other.

Floors with beams in two directions If the columns are widely spaced in both grid directions, the loads from the secondary beams are transmitted to main beams which, in turn, transmit them to the columns. The forces thus have to pass farther than in the examples given above. In general, it is better to keep the span of the main beams shorter than that of the secondary beams.

For very long spans it may be necessary to support the main beams on a third set of members, such as lattice girders, which finally transmit the loads to the columns.

Notes:

interrelationship n. взаимоотношение, взаимосвязь rectangle n. прямоугольник

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Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What does the economy of the structure depend on?

2.What does the space required for services influence?

3.What are the features of floor without steel beams?

4.What are the features of floors with one-way beam systems?

5.What are the features of floors with beams in two directions?

6.When is a third set of members used?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы и переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение2. Найдитевтекстепричастияипереведитеихнарусский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

grid (n.), lattice girder, route (n.), corner (n.), in turn, secondary beam.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

A	B	A	B
однако	above	зависимость	therefore
комплект	combination	инженерные сети	flat
над	directly	далекорасположенный	closely spaced
плоский	span	сила	relationship
поэтому	such as	такой как	force
пролёт	height	сочетание	set
толщина	widely spaced	непосредственно	nevertheless
высота	depth	близкорасположенный	services

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

characteristic n. – characteristic adj. space n. – space v.

thick adj. – thickness n.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

	[	]; [	[	]; [	[	];
[	]; [	]; [	[	]; [	]; [	];
		[	]; [	]
			B
procedure	sentence		damage	embed		efficient
drainage	accomplish		precisely	techniques		proceed
adjacent	technique		dowel	interfere		appear
grout	sequence		growl	centre		amber

ТекстA

SETTING THE FLOOR SLABS

With any construction technique, problems often appear and procedures have to be developed which can overcome these in a practical and efficient way. This has been the same in the case of high-rise buildings. Often, different methods are adaptable to the same situation.

Several techniques have been developed for placing the reinforcement as well as grouting. One sequence involves laying walls to storey height and placing the slabs on the ungrouted masonry. Then the vertical reinforcement is placed into the block cells, ensuring that it projects above the finished floor slab to serve as dowels for the next storey walls. This is a very efficient method, but the unreinforced wall possesses relatively little stability and can be easily damaged when the floor slabs are being placed on it. A safer method involves

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building the masonry walls to full height with the reinforcement located in the walls as the masonry units (brick or block) are laid up. Grouting is then accomplished in full-storey height lifts. The dowels projecting above the slab must be precisely centred in the wall so that when the slabs are lowered into position, the projecting dowels do not interfere with them.

In another procedure, the grouting is stopped a short distance below the floor line, dowels are placed in the grout space, and this space is solid grouted after the slabs have been positioned. Thus, the slabs can be placed without dowels positioned earlier interfering. This method also possesses the advantage that it is easier to place the bond beam steel at the top of the wall. The steel extending along the wall at the floor slab level serves to tie all the slabs together. Another method of tying the slabs together lies through the use of weld plates embedded in the slabs so that the weld plates can be used as splices to adjacent panels, tying them together directly.

Notes:

bond beam steel крепёжная арматура железобетонной балки cell n.1 секция, камера

grout n. жидкий строительный раствор grouting n. заливка строительного раствора interfere v. мешать, сталкиваться

ungrouted masonry колодцевая кладка без заполнения пустот строительным раствором

weld plate сварная пластина

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is typical with any constructional technique?

2.What is the first construction technique described?

3.What is its drawback?

4.Is there a safer method?

5.What is it?

6.What is the second method described?

7.What is the advantage of this method?

8.What other method of tying the slabs together is there?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие изперечисленныхслов могут быть другимичастями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

lift (n.), grout (v.), centre (v.), sequence (n.), adjacent (adj.), position (v.), embed (v.), splice (n.).

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

класть, устанавливать; в качестве; другой; разрушать; элементкаменной кладки; полезный; эффективный; относительно; устойчивость; размещать; преодолевать; сваривать; скреплять; тянуться; так же … как и …; опускать; надёжный; высотой в этаж.

Упражнение3. Найдитевтекстетермины, связанныесустановкой перекрытий. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

project v	выступать	technique	технология
precisely	точно	use n	использование
accomplish	добиваться	along	длинный
grouting	заливка раствором	settlement	осадка
slab	плита	superstructure	большое здание
finished	готовый	pier	вертикальная
ensure	обеспечивать	footing	опора,основание
develop	разрабатывать	shaft	ствол
way	способ	possess	процесс
procedure	процесс	strip	полоса

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Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

loads space types used ways

Building materials are used in two basic (1)… . In the first way they are used to support the (2)… on a building and in the second way they are used to divide the (3)… in a building. Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way in which it is (4)… . We can see how this works by considering three different (5)… of construction.

(продолжение текста в упражнении 5 урока 2.8, стр. 162)

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции герундия.

1.A property particularly connected with concrete is shrinkage caused by loss of water after hardening.

2.Summer is good for building.

3.Because of the low tensile strength of concrete, shrinkage when restrained (сдерживать) leads to cracking.

4.The wet concrete can be transported to its final position on site by pumping.

5.More fluid concrete mixes are required for pumping.

6.No wet concrete, after being placed in its final position, should be at a temperature less than 5 °C or 40 °F.

7.The concrete must be prevented from drying out too fast because this may cause cracking.

8.A concrete structure may be constructed by casting the concrete in place on the site, by building it of elements cast in some other place or by a combination of the two.

9.With some types of precast concrete construction no time is lost in waiting for concrete to gain strength at one level of a structure before the next level can be placed.

10.Special admixtures make hardening faster.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите время и залог глаголов.

1.Several techniques have been developed for placing the reinforcement as well as grouting.

2.Grouting is accomplished in full-storey height lifts.

3.The unreinforced wall possesses relatively little stability and therefore can be easily knocked over when the floor slabs are being placed on it.

4.The grouting is stopped a short distance below the floor line, dowels are placed in the grout space, and this space is solid grouted after the slabs have been positioned.

5.This procedure will provide for a continuous uniform bearing.

6.Other schemes involved the use of steel.

7.Such slabs do not require a topping.

8.A topping slab will be poured on top of the filler block to form the finished wearing surface of the tee shape and the floor diaphragm.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

1.To construct a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involves considerable effort.

2.The structural steel floor comprises the floor slab and the beams to support it.

3.To achieve this, the supporting beams must be quite closely spaced.

4.Low temperatures decrease stretch of the fabric but make it easier for tears to develop.

5.Insulation, which is material with a very low U, is used to make the rate of heat flow as low as possible.

6.Steels which have higher carbon contents are more brittle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.

7.To reduce the weight of the slab is the task of an engineer.

8.The type of concrete mix and the properties of the hardened concrete may be altered. To do that the proportions of the ingredients may be varied, the type of cement and aggregates may be altered and admixtures may be used.

Упражнение 4. Задайте пять разделительных и пять альтернативных вопросов к тексту А.

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Текст B

TYPES OF FLOOR SYSTEMS

Floor systems not only support the vertical loads but they also serve as the horizontal diaphragms which distribute the lateral forces to the shear walls. There are several different types of floor systems:

Cast-in-place slabs

The simple cast-in-place slab floor system is sometimes used where there are irregular floor designs that would make it difficult to form similar precast units. It provides a good structural tie without requiring any specific type of a joint.

Prestressed elements

Precast prestressed tees are a different type of system. They provide economical long spans giving open space below that can be easily divided with partitions. A topping slab provides both a finished floor surface and a tie, so that the system functions as a diaphragm. This cast-in-place topping slab must be thick enough so that the reinforcement within it can achieve adequate bond to the concrete.

Steel bar joists

The system uses steel bar joists which support a concrete floor slab or a metal deck with a concrete topping surface. It is useful where some space between the ceiling and floor deck above for different kinds of services is required.

Lift-on slab

A lift-on slab, usually of full room size, has proved to be economical and efficient. Such slabs do not require a topping or finish since the floor surface and ceiling finish are part of the slab.

Notes:

lift-on precast slab сборное железобетонное перекрытие, монтируемое методом lift slab

steel bar joist решётчатая вспомогательная стальная балка

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Which functions do floor systems perform?

2.When is cast-in-place slab floor system used?

3.When are precast prestressed tees used?

4.Why must cast-in-place topping slab be thick?

5.What is the reason for the use of steel bar joists?

6.What are the advantages of a lift-on slab?

Грамматическое упражнение

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте неличные формы глагола, определите, какимичастями речи они являются, какую функциювыполняют в предложении, и переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитенарусскийязыкприведённыенижеслова. ЕслиВы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

irregular (adj. ), tee (n.), floor deck, diaphragm (n. ), topping (n. ), deck (n. ), shear wall, finish (n. ).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

A	B	A	B
обеспечивать	prove	стяжка	bar
иногда	since	потолок	cast-in-place
вспомогательная балка	joint	так как	several
перегородка	tie	брус	partition
несколько	sometimes	оказываться	provide
соединение	distribute	монолитный	useful
распределять	achieve	полезный	joist
стык	ceiling	достичь	bond

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

stable adj. – stability n. finish n. – finish v.

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