- •Introduction
- •Infectious diseases of childhood
- •Exercises
- •II. Check if you remember the meaning of the following words:
- •Exercises
- •III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined words:
- •Influenza
- •Words to be memorized
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions
- •III. Match the underlined words and their Russian
- •IV. Find the sentences where “to be” may be translated as “должен”
- •V. Choose the correct verb form
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with English equivalents to «может», «должен»
- •Pneumonia
- •Words to be memorized
- •Read correctly
- •Exercises
- •IV. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the underlined words:
- •V. Match the underlined words with their Russian equivalents and translate the sentences:
- •Words to be memorized
- •Exercises
- •II. Translate into Russian paying attention to the underlined werds.
- •III. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to a)"it".
- •VII. Translate into Russian
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •Chicken-pox
- •Words to be memorized
- •Read correctly
- •IV. Translate from Russian into English:
- •Scarlet fever
- •Words to be memorized
- •Read correctly
- •Exercises
- •III. Translate the following sentences:
- •Measles
- •Words to be memorised
- •Exercises
- •III. Read the text and say what new information it contains as compared with the previous text:
- •VI. Read the text and speak about the diagnosis and treatment of meningococcal infections
- •Part II the origin of infections
- •Infections in children
- •Acute Tonsillitis
- •Diphtheria
- •Bronchitis
- •Acute bronchitis
- •Chronic bronchitis
- •Bronchial asthma General Considerations
- •Clinical Findings
- •Acute viral hepatitis
- •Is "thucydides syndrome" back?
- •Immunization against contagious diseases
- •Influenza virus vaccine for all ages
- •Vaccines for adult diseases
- •Part III контрольные задания
- •Introduction
- •Measles and models
- •Egyptian travellers
- •Vaccine sensitivity
- •1. The Common Cold.
- •1. Common2. Last 3, numerous 4. Colds 5. Sore 6. Virus
- •13. Treated 14. Nurse 15. Caused
- •2. Sore Throat.
- •1. Common 2. To swallow 3. Recom- 4. Plenty of 5. Caused 6. To relieve
- •7. Glands 8. Older 9. Treated 10. Sore 11. Swollen 12. Better
- •13. Reduce 14. High 15. Most
- •3. Croup.
- •1. Never 7. Hot
- •1. Acute2. Problems 3. Feverish 4. Otitis 5. Pain 6; common
- •7. Affected 8. Causes 9. Suffer 10. Due to 11. Untreated 12. Colds
- •13. Complain.
- •5. Measles.
- •1. Cold
- •7. German measles (Rubella).
- •8. Chickenpox.
- •1. Watery 2. Illness 3. Appear 4. Drop off 5. Infectious 6. Badly
- •Is it essential to repeat the Smallpox vaccine, if it does not errupt the first time and at what age should we repeat triple antigen vaccine?
- •Is Booster-shot required after bcg too?
- •Test 'immunization'
- •3. Bcg inoculation reaction was very 3. The child was suffering from cold, marked. Cough and diarrhea.
- •4. The Smallpox vaccination was repeated 4. Pertussis vaccine may be dangerous. Every six weeks and later every three
- •It is not advisable to give dpt after 5. Protection against the disease is six years of age. Provided only for six months.
- •9. At the worst 9. Что касается 10. Make it certain 10. По совету
- •10. Affect 10. Нести, переносить
- •Kd (Kawasaki Disease)
- •Самостоятельная работа з Тезирование статьи All About Aspirin
- •Самостоятельная работа 4
- •Самостоятельная работа 5.
- •Background
- •Methods
- •Results
- •Discussion
- •Risk of hiv infection
- •Active vocabulary to part I
- •4. Incubation period, the susceptible age
- •5. Ways of transmission
- •6. Onset and symptoms
- •7. Eruption
- •8. Nursing
- •9. Treatment
- •10. Prognosis
- •Introduction
Discussion
Transmission of measles virus in medical settings appears to be an important factor in ongoing outbreaks. Airborne transmission of measles was documented in a physician's office more than an hour after the index case had left the location. The frequency, of measles cases transmitted in medical settings has increased from 0.7% of the total number of reported cases in 1980 to 5% in 1985, 6.8% m 1986, and 17% in 1990. From 1980 through I984, a total of 241 persons with measles in 30 states were identified as probably having acquired the infection in a medical facility. In Las Angeles County, 30% of the measles cases identified in 1988 were acquired in medical settings.
Patients who acquire measles while hospitalized tend to be very young children or adults. These age groups tend to have
higher rates of complications and mortality. The introduction of measles in our hospital resulted in four cases of infection among patients, with one death, and seven cases among personnel, two of whom required hospitalization.' Interhospital measles exposure also occurred.
The secondary attack rate of measles within our institution in patients who did not receive prophylaxis was 7.5%. This low rate is likely related to mild exposure. To maintain optimal infection control, all patients hospitalized on the same or contiguous wards of an' inadequately isolated patient with measles were deemed exposed. Many of these exposures were likely of low intensity.
Hospital personnel born before 1957 are generally considered to be immune to measles because of natural infection. Although recent data suggest that many health care workers born before 1957 lack serologic evidence of measles immunity, none of the employees who acquired measles in this study were born before 1957.
This report demonstrates the serious consequences related to transmission of measles in a hospital setting. A number of factors contributed to this phenomenon, including (1) misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of measles, which prevented rapid institution of control measures (2), a greater number of patients with measles seeking medical attention and requiring hospitalization and (3) the presence of a number of susceptible medical personnel who escaped natural measles infection and were either unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated.
The risk of nosocomial measles in a hospital can be reduced by (1) infection control programs mandating measles immunization in new hospital employees born since 1956 who lack documentation of prior immunization or disease, (2) effective outpatient triage and prompt isolation of patients with suspected measles in separate rooms so that they do not sit in open waiting rooms, and (3) identification of susceptible patients and employees as soon as a suspected case of measles is seen so that appropriate and timely prophylactic measures can be initiated.
PART IV
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS IN THE U.S.
Today AIDS has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. Indeed, it has become the leading cause of death in the country among people with hemophilia and users of
illegal intravenous (IV) drugs. Moreover, nation-wide morbidity and mortality rates will increase in the next few years as some of the one to 1.5 million Americans who are already infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) develop AIDS. Most of those affected in the near future will be either homosexual men or IV drug abusers, and a significant proportion of them will be blacks and Hispanics. Yet, given the fact that the virus is transmitted through sexual contact, through the traces of blood in needles and other drug paraphernalia and from mother to newborn infant, one can envision many possible chains of infection, which leave no segment of the U.S. population completely unaffected by the threat of AIDS.
The discovery of the epidemic, the enumeration of the varied manifestations of HIV infection and the analysis of the circumstances that made it possible for such an infection to spread have been missions assigned to epidemiology: the study of the occurrence and distribution of disease as well as its control in a given population. Epidemiologists monitor mortality and morbidity rates associated with HIV infection and AIDS; they also make predictions of likely changes in HIV infection rates in the course of time.
Most important, by carrying out studies to define the ways HIV is transmitted from person to person, epidemiologists can identify the population groups that are at greatest risk of acquiring AIDS and thereby develop strategies for the prevention and control of the disease — strategies that are independent of the development of an effective vaccine or therapy. Indeed, determining the risk factors for AIDS enabled the U.S. Public Health Service and other groups to issue recommendations for the prevention of AIDS as early as 1983, a full year before HIV was firmly identified and two years before laboratory tests to detect the presence of the virus became widely available.
To carry out all these tasks epidemiologists depend on surveillance: the gathering of high-quality, consistent and interpretable data on a disease or an infection. Surveillance data are routinely compiled from reports filed with state and local health departments that are then forwarded to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
Because the disease appeared to be transmitted through the exchange of blood or by sexual contact, most investigators were convinced by late 1982 that the cause of AIDS was an infectious agent (most likely a virus) and not the result of exposure to toxic substance^ or other environmental or genetic factors. The infection hypothesis was finally confirmed when HIV was isolated by Luc Montagnier and his colleagues at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and by Robert C. Gallo and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute.
Soon after the discovery of the AIDS agent a laboratory test was developed to detect antibodies to HIV in the blood. A positive result in a test of a person's 'blood sample was a, reliable sign that the person was infected with the virus. Such a serological test made it possible to detect HIV infection in people who showed no clinical symptoms, and to confirm clinical diagnoses of AIDS and other HIV-related conditions. It also made it possible to measure directly the prevalence of HIV infection (the number of infected people in a given population at a given time) and its incidence (the number of new infections occurring within a defined period in a specific population). Most important, perhaps, was the fact that the national supply of donated blood could now be screened, so that additional cases of AIDS due to blood transfusions and contaminated blood products could be avoided.