The_V_e_r_b_a_l_s
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Infinitive |
Past Indefinite |
Past Participle |
Translation |
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111 |
spell |
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spelt |
spelt |
писать или произносить |
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spelled |
spelled |
слово по буквам |
112 |
spend |
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spent |
spent |
тратить |
113 |
spill |
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spilt |
spilt |
проливать |
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spilled |
spilled |
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114 |
spin |
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span/spun |
spun |
прясть |
115 |
spit |
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spat |
spat |
плевать |
116 |
split |
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split |
split |
раскалывать, -ся |
117 |
spoil |
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spoilt |
spoilt |
портить |
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spoiled |
spoiled |
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118 |
spread |
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spread |
spread |
распространять, -ся |
119 |
spring |
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sprang |
sprung |
прыгать |
120 |
stand |
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stood |
stood |
стоять |
121 |
steal |
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stole |
stolen |
красть |
122 |
stick |
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stuck |
stuck |
приклеивать, -ся |
123 |
sting |
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stung |
stung |
жалить |
124 |
strike |
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struck |
struck |
ударять; бастовать |
125 |
strive |
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strove |
striven |
стремиться |
126 |
swear |
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swore |
sworn |
клясться; браниться |
127 |
sweep |
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swept |
swept |
мести |
128 |
swell |
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swelled |
swollen |
пухнуть, раздуваться |
129 |
swim |
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swam |
swum |
плавать |
130 |
swing |
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swung |
swung |
качать, -ся; размахивать |
131 |
take |
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took |
taken |
брать |
132 |
teach |
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taught |
taught |
обучать, учить |
133 |
tear |
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tore |
torn |
рвать |
134 |
tell |
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told |
told |
рассказывать |
135 |
think |
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thought |
thought |
думать |
136 |
throw |
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threw |
thrown |
бросать |
137 |
tread |
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trod |
trodden |
ступать |
138 |
understand |
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understood |
understood |
понимать |
139 |
wake |
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woke |
woken |
будить; просыпаться |
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waked |
waked |
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140 |
wear |
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wore |
worn |
носить |
141 |
weep |
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wept |
wept |
плакать |
142 |
win |
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won |
won |
выигрывать |
143 |
wind |
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wound |
wound |
заводить (часы); виться |
144 |
write |
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wrote |
written |
писать |
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APPENDIX 2
IRREGULAR VERBS: DIFFICULT CASES
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Infinitive |
Past Indefinite |
Past Participle |
Translation |
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1 |
to fall |
fell |
fallen |
падать |
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to feel |
felt |
felt |
чувствовать |
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to fill |
filled |
filled |
наполнять |
2 |
to flow |
flowed |
flowed |
течь, литься |
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to fly |
flew |
flown |
летать |
3 |
to lay |
laid |
laid |
класть, положить |
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to lie |
lay |
lain |
лежать |
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to lie |
lied |
lied |
лгать |
4 |
to leave |
left |
left |
уезжать |
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to live |
lived |
lived |
æèòü |
5 |
to raise |
raised |
raised |
поднимать |
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to rise |
rose |
risen |
подниматься |
6 |
to strike |
struck |
struck |
бить, ударять |
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to stroke |
stroked |
stroked |
гладить |
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101
APPENDIX 3
REGULAR VERBS: SPELLING RULES
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third person |
‘-ing’ form or |
‘-ed’ form or |
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base form |
singular of |
Present |
Past |
exceptions |
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PresentSimple |
Participle |
Participle |
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+ ‘-s’ |
+ ‘ing’ |
+ ‘ed’ |
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join |
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joins |
joining |
joined |
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ending |
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+ ‘-s’ |
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in |
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-sh |
finish |
finishes |
finishing |
finished |
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-ch |
reach |
reaches |
reaching |
reached |
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-ss |
pass |
passes |
passing |
passed |
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-x |
mix |
mixes |
mixing |
mixed |
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-z |
buzz |
buzzes |
buzzing |
buzzed |
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-o |
echo |
echoes |
echoing |
echoed |
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ending |
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omit ‘-e’ before adding ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’ |
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age, agree, |
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in |
‘-e’ |
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disagree,dye, |
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dance |
dances |
dancing |
danced |
free, knee, |
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singe, referee, |
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tiptoe |
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ending |
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‘-ie’ ð ‘-y’ |
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in |
‘-ie’ |
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before adding ‘-ing’ |
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tie |
ties |
tying |
tied |
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ending in |
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‘-y’ ð ‘-ies’ |
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‘-y’ ð ‘-ied’ |
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consonant |
+ ‘-y’ |
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cry |
cries |
crying |
cried |
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one syllable |
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double final consonant before adding ‘-ing’ |
not ‘-w’, ‘-x’, |
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ending in |
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or ‘-ed’ |
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‘-y’: rowing, |
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single vowel |
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boxing, |
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+ consonant |
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playing |
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dip |
dips |
dipping |
dipped |
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two syllable |
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not optional |
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ending in |
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in American |
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single vowel + ‘-l’ |
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English |
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traveling, |
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travel |
travels |
travelling |
travelled |
traveled |
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the following verbs: |
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equip, handicap, |
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hiccup, kidnap, |
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program, refer, worship |
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equip |
equips |
equipping |
equipped |
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102
APPENDIX 4
VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE
There are three groups of such verbs. Here are the most important ones.
I. Verbs followed by the Infinitive without a preceding noun. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a “that-clause”.
Verb |
Translation |
Examples |
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afford |
позволять себе, |
r We can’t afford to go away this summer. |
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быть в состоянии |
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agree |
согласиться |
r We agreed to start/that we should start early. |
arrange |
договориться, |
r I’ve arranged to meet her at the airport. |
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условиться |
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bother |
беспокоить(ся) |
r Don’t bother to get dinner for me today. |
care |
хотеть, |
r Would you care to go for a walk? |
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иметь желание |
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claim |
требовать, |
r He claimed to be the owner of/that he owned |
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претендовать |
the land. |
consent |
согласиться, |
r Her father consented to give her off. |
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дать согласие |
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decide |
решать |
r The boy decided not to become/that he |
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wouldn’t become sailor. |
demand |
требовать |
r He came to my house and demanded to |
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be told/that I should tell him everything. |
determine |
решать(ся) |
r He determined to learn Greek. |
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r He determined that nothing should prevent him. |
endeavour |
стараться, |
r He always endeavoured to please his mother. |
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прилагать усилия |
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fail |
не сделать |
r He never fails to write. |
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÷òî-ëèáî, íå |
r She failed to complete the work on time. |
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суметь, забыть |
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guarantee |
гарантировать |
r The bank guaranteed to pay his debts/that the |
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debts would be payed. |
hasten |
торопиться, |
r He hastened to tell his wife the good news. |
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спешить |
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hesitate |
колебаться, |
r I hesitated to speak to him, since I didn’t know |
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не решаться |
him well. |
hope |
надеяться |
r We hope to see/that we would see you soon. |
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103
learn (how to) |
научиться |
r He learnt how to ride a horse. |
long |
страстно желать, |
r It’s many years since I left home. I am longing |
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стремиться |
to come back. |
manage |
суметь, |
r She managed to keep her temper. |
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справиться |
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offer |
предлагать |
r He offered to help me. |
prepare |
(под)готовить |
r We are prepared to supply the goods you ask for. |
presume |
взять на себя |
r May I presume to advise you? |
(take the |
смелость |
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liberty) |
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pretend |
притворяться |
r They pretended not to see/that they didn’t see us. |
proceed |
продолжать |
r He proceeded to tell us every detail. |
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приниматься |
r He proceeded to give me a good scolding. |
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(Он принялся меня бранить.) |
promise |
обещать |
r He promised to be/that he would be here |
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at 6 o’clock. |
propose |
намереваться, |
r What do you propose to do about it? |
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предполагать |
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refuse |
отказывать(ся) |
r He refused to help us. |
resolve |
решить |
r He resolved to succeed. |
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He resolved that nothing should call him back. |
seek |
стремиться, пы- |
r They sought to kill him. |
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таться, стараться |
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strive |
стараться, |
r He strove to succeed in business. |
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прилагать усилия |
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swear |
клясться |
r He swore to tell/that he would tell the truth. |
tend |
иметь склон- |
r It tends to rain in winter in the North of England. |
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ность/тенденцию |
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threaten |
угрожать |
r The chairman threatened to resign/that he |
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would resign if his policies were not adopted. |
trouble |
беспокоить(ся), |
r Don’t trouble to meet me at the station. |
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затруднять(ся) |
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undertake |
предпринимать, |
r He undertook to finish the job by Friday. |
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согласиться, взять |
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обязательства |
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volunteer |
предлагать свою |
r The question is whether anyone will volunteer |
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помощь, добро- |
to serve there. |
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вольно сделать |
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÷òî-ëèáî |
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vow |
äàòü îáåò |
r I vowed not to follow/that I would never follow |
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his advice again. |
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104
II. A noun (pronoun) + infinitive is used after these verbs. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a “that-clause”.
accustom |
привыкать |
r When he became a soldier he had to accustom |
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himself not to sleep at night. |
aid |
помогать |
r My brother aided me to do it. |
appoint |
назначать |
r They appointed White to manage the store. |
assist |
помогать |
r The young man assisted the girl to fill in all |
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the forms. |
cause |
велеть, |
r He caused the prisoners to be put to death. |
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вызывать, |
r The incident caused me to reflect. |
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заставлять |
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command1 |
приказывать, |
r The officer commanded his men to fire. |
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командовать |
r The pirate chief commanded that the |
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prisoners should be shot. |
challenge |
вызывать, |
r He challenged his right to heir the house. |
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бросать вызов, |
r He challenged me to fight. |
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оспаривать |
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compel4 |
заставлять |
r His conscience compelled him to confess. |
direct1 |
приказывать |
r The officer directed his men to advance/that his |
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men should advance. |
enable |
давать возмож- |
r The collapse of the strike enabled the company |
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ность |
to resume normal bus service. |
encourage |
воодушевлять, |
r The mother encouraged the boy to work hard. |
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ободрять, |
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потворствовать |
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entreat1 |
умолять |
r She entreated the judge to show mercy. |
force4 |
заставлять |
r The manager forced them to work hard. |
impel |
побуждать, |
r The President’s speech impelled the nation |
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принуждать |
to make greater efforts. |
implore1 |
умолять |
r I implored my friend to help me. |
incite |
подстрекать |
r He was shot for inciting his comrades to |
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rise against their officers. |
induce |
побуждать, |
r We couldn’t induce the old lady to travel by air. |
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заставлять |
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inspire |
воодушевлять |
r What inspired him to give such a brilliant |
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performance? |
instruct3 |
инструктировать, |
r We were instructed to start early. |
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обучать |
r I’ve been instructed by my agent that you still |
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owe me $50. |
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105
invite |
приглашать |
r He didn’t invite me to come in. |
lead |
(при)вести |
r What led you to think so? |
order1 |
приказать, |
r The doctor ordered me to stay in bed. |
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настаивать |
r The judge ordered that the prisoner should |
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be remanded. |
persuade |
убеждать |
r He persuaded me to change/that I should |
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change my mind. |
press |
торопить, |
r He had to press her to pay the debt. |
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заставлять, |
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требовать |
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действий |
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prompt |
побуждать, |
r What prompted him to be so generous? |
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толкать |
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provoke |
вызывать, |
r His behaviour provoked her to answer |
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провоцировать |
rudely. |
remind |
напомнить |
r Please, remind me to answer/that I should |
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answer the letter. |
require1 |
требовать |
r Students are required to take three papers |
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in England. |
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r It’s required that you arrive at 8 a.m. |
stimulate |
побуждать |
r She stimulated me to take greater efforts. |
summon |
вызывать, |
r They summoned her to appear as a witness. |
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созывать |
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teach |
обучать |
r My father taught me how to swim when I was |
(how to) |
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five. |
tell |
сказать, |
r He told me to come immediately. |
(instruct, |
приказать |
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order) |
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tempt |
соблазнять |
r Nothing could tempt him to take such a |
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step. |
trust1 |
доверять |
r Can I trust you to get the money safely to the |
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(верить, что все |
bank? |
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будет в порядке) |
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warn3 |
предупреждать |
r We warned them not to go skating on such |
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thin ice/that the ice was thin. |
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NOTES:
1. No noun is found between these verbs and a “that-clause”:
rThe commander ordered HIS TROOPS to lay down their arms.
rThe commander ordered that his troops should lay down their arms. Note that the use of should is a common feature in such clauses after these verbs.
2.A noun is always found between these verbs and a “that-clause”:
rHe persuaded ME to change my mind.
rHe persuaded ME that his plan was preferable.
3.The Chancellor warned UNIONS that higher wages would mean higher prices. The Chancellor warned that higher wages would mean higher prices.
4.Make is roughly synonymous with these verbs, but is followed
a)in the active, by a noun + infinitive without to:
rHe made ME do all the work again.
b)in the passive, by an infinitive with to:
rI was made TO DO all the work again.
III. The Infinitive, with or without a preceding noun, is used after these verbs. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a clause introduced by that.
ask |
просить |
r She asked to be excused. |
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приглашать |
r We asked to see him. |
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r She asked us to come to the concert. |
beg |
взять на себя |
r We beg to inform you (извещаем вас). |
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смелость, |
r I beg to differ (позволю себе не согласиться). |
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позволить себе |
r I beg to enclose (при сем прилагаю). |
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(formal) |
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choose |
решать(ся) |
r She chose to remain at home. |
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выбирать |
Она решила остаться дома. |
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r They chose me to serve as their representative. |
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Они выбрали меня своим представителем. |
dare1 |
решаться, |
r I don’t dare to protest. |
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осмеливаться, |
Я не осмеливаюсь возражать. |
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подстрекать |
r He dared me to jump from the bridge into the water. |
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Он подстрекал меня прыгнуть с моста в воду. |
desire |
хотеть, желать, |
r I desire you to go at once. |
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требовать, |
Я требую/прошу, чтобы вы пошли немедленно. |
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просить |
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elect |
решить, |
r He elected to remain at home. |
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предпочесть |
Он предпочел остаться дома. |
expect |
ожидать, |
r We expect to receive a letter from him soon. |
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надеяться |
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107
help |
помогать, |
r She always helps her daughter do school home- |
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содействовать, |
work. |
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оказывать |
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помощь |
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mean |
намереваться, |
r I didn’t mean to offend you. |
(= intend) |
иметь в виду |
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request |
просить позво- |
r I must request you to obey orders. |
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ления, |
Предлагаю вам выполнить приказание. |
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предлагать (веж- |
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ливо приказать) |
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want |
хотеть, испыты- |
r You want to see a doctor. |
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вать необходи- |
Вам нужно пойти к врачу. |
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мость, требо- |
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ваться |
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wish |
хотеть, желать |
r I wish you understand. |
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Я хочу, чтобы вы поняли. |
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NOTES:
1.If no noun is used after dare, two patterns are possible:
a)the infinitive with to:
rHe dared to call me a fool to my face.
b)the infinitive without to (more especially in negative and interrogative sentences):
rHe daren’t tell me what happened.
rDare you mention it to him?
LITERATURE
Alexander L.G. “Longman English Grammar for Intermediate Students”/Longman, 1992/ 296 p.
English Grammar Through Practice (Morphology)/Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1976/208 p.
Krutikov Y.A., Kuzmina I.S., Rabinovich Kh.V. “Exercises in Modern English Grammar”/ Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1971/247 p.
Krylova I.P. “An English Grammar Practice Book”/Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1978/235 p.
Matyushkina-Guerke T.I., Kuzmichyova T.N., Ivanova L.I. “Practical Grammar in Patterns (For laboratory work)”/Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1974/192 p.
Murphy R. “English Grammar In Use (A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students)”/Cambridge University Press, 1992/328 p.
Natanson E.A. “Practical English Grammar by Correspondence”/Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1973/304 p.
Волкова Е.И. “Английский артикль в речевых ситуациях”/М.: Просвещение, 1974/ 158 с.
Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. “Употребление артиклей в английском языке”/М.: Международные отношения, 1964/82 с.
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