497

Index

A	Anastomoses 439	global 389
	callosal 435	jargon 388
Abasia 252, 254, 472	carotid 419, 432­435	selective 394
Abscess, brain 409	leptomeningeal 435	sensory 182
Accommodation 153­155	Anesthesia dolorosa 271	transcortical motor 389
Acetylcholine 11	Aneurysms 479	Wernicke 388, 389, 392­
Achilles reflex 85, 97	AComm 424	393
Acidophil (α) cells 284	Charcot 478	Apical tuft 359
Acopia 394	fusiform 482	Apraxia 394­395
Acoustic meatus, internal	internal carotid artery	construction 394, 395,
127, 171	421	465
Acromegaly 287	mycotic 482	ideational 394, 395
Action potential 8	PComm 423	ideomotor 394, 395
Adenohypophysis (pituitary	saccular (berry) 481­482,	motor 395
gland) 262, 280, 281, 284	483	Aqueduct 261, 407, 408
Adenoma	spontaneous rupture 483,	Arachnoid 402, 403, 405
ACTH-secreting 288	485­486	spinal 403, 405
growth-hormone-secret-	treatment 484­485	Archicerebellum 187, 241
ing 287	Angina pectoris 308	Archicortex 312, 315, 351­
Adrenocorticotropic hor-	Angioarchitecture 362	352, 359
mone (ACTH) 284	Angiography 450	Area
Affective behavior 312, 319	digital subtraction (DSA)	association 384­386
Agnosia 396	451, 476, 477, 483­484	multimodal 385­386
somatosensory 396	Anhidrosis 159, 294	unimodal 384­385
visual object 396	Anisocoria 157	auditory 182
Agrammatism 388	Annulus fibrosus 93	Broca’s 387
Agraphesthesia 46	Anosmia 130	infarction 390­392
Agraphia 388	Anosognosia 397, 465	Brodmann’s 362­363
Alexander’s law 191	Ansa	calcarine 133
Alexia 388, 394, 396	cervicalis 100	entorhinal 313, 316, 318
Allesthesia 397	lenticularis 274	postrema 220, 222
Allocortex 315, 359	Anterograde transport 3, 5	prepiriform 128, 129
Alveus 316	Anticoagulation 476	pretectal 132
Alzheimer disease 323, 412	Antidiuretic hormone	lesions 156
Amaurosis fugax 135, 463	(ADH) 283, 284	sensorimotor 50
Amenorrhea, secondary	secretion 283	septal 128, 313, 319
286	syndrome of inappro-	subcallosal 128, 129
Amnesia 322­328	priate secretion	vestibular 117
anterograde 323, 324	(SIADH) 283	Wernicke’s 387­388
posttraumatic 324	Aorta 420, 441	infarction 392­393
retrograde 323, 324	Aperture	Areflexia 69
AMPA receptor 11­12	lateral 241	detrusor 302­303
Ampullae 176, 185	median 241	Argyll Robertson pupil 155
Amygdala 128, 129, 313,	Aphasia 366, 388, 389,	Arteriovenous malforma-
319, 332­334	465	tions 479
Amyotrophic lateral sclero-	amnestic 389	Arteritis, temporal 135
sis 76, 77	Broca 388, 389, 390­392	Artery(ies) 418, 419­435
Anarthria 388	conduction 389	angular 433

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498 · Index

Artery(ies)	occlusion 466	of angular gyrus 424
basilar 119, 224­225,	middle 224, 420, 421,	of Percheron 431, 469
420­422, 427­431, 434	424­426, 431, 434	ophthalmic 140, 420,
occlusion 229­235,	infarction 464	422­423, 433, 434
458­461, 467	occlusion 456­458,	occlusion 463
thrombolysis 458­461	465	orbital 427
calcarine 431	thrombolysis 456­	orbitofrontal 424
occlusion 468	458	paraventricular 434
callosal 435	posterior 140, 224­225,	parietal
callosomarginal 427	420, 422, 425­428,	anterior 424
carotid	430­431, 434	internal 427
anastomotic connec-	cortical branches	posterior 424
tions 419, 432­435	432, 468	pericallosal 427
common 419, 420, 433,	occlusion 235, 467,	prerolandic 424
441	468	radicular
external 419, 433	chiasmatic, superior 434	anterior 441
external-to-internal	choroidal	great (of Adamkiewicz)
collateralization 432,	anterior 224, 422, 423,	441
433	425, 431, 434	recurrent, of Heubner
external-to-vertebral	occlusion 464	427, 434
collateralization 432­	medial 432	rolandic 424
435	occlusion 468	segmental 440­441
internal (ICA) 137, 140,	posterior 224­225	lumbar 440
418­427, 431, 433,	lateral 425, 431, 432	thoracic 440
434	occlusion 235, 468	spinal
aneurysm 521	circle of Willis 433, 434­	anterior 224­225, 418,
dissection 295	435	421­422, 427­429,
occlusion 464	communicating 435	439­441
stenosis 446­448, 453­	anterior 424, 434	infarction 489
454	aneurysms 424	syndrome 88­89
surgical treatment	posterior 224, 420, 422,	posterolateral 439, 440
461, 462	423, 430, 431, 434	infarction 490
cerebellar	aneurysms 423	subclavian 102, 103, 420,
inferior anterior (AICA)	occlusion 463­464	440
224, 420, 422, 427­	facial 420, 433	occlusion 223­226
429, 467, 472	frontal 427	sulco-commissural 439,
occlusion 472	frontopolar 427	440
inferior posterior	hypophyseal, superior	supraoptic 434
(PICA) 224, 420­422,	434	temporal
427­429, 470­472	intercostal, posterior 441	anterior 424
occlusion 226­229,	labyrinthine 224, 422,	posterior 424
470­472	429	superficial 420, 433
superior (SCA) 140,	occlusion 472	temporo-occipital 424
224­225, 420, 422,	lingual 420	thalamocingulate 431
427­429, 434, 467	mamillary 434	thalamogeniculate 432
occlusion 233­234,	maxillary 420	occlusion 469­470
472­473	meningeal	thalamoperforating 469
cerebral	anterior 404	anterior 431
anterior (ACA) 140, 224,	middle 404	occlusion 468
420, 422, 424­427, 434	posterior 404	posterior 425, 431, 434
infarction 453­454,	occipital 433­434	occlusion 469
464, 466	occipitotemporal 431	thalamotuberal 431, 468

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		Index · 499
thyroid, superior 420	connections 337­339	infarction 145, 149, 223,
vertebral 224­226, 418­	function 331, 340	467
422, 427­429, 433,	lesions 340­348	internal structure 207­
440­441	hemorrhage 272, 478	222
occlusion 226­230	nuclei 332­337	Broca aphasia 388, 389,
Arthrosis, uncovertebral 93	Basket cells 361	390­392
Asomatognosia 396	Basophil ( ) cells 284	Broca’s area 387
Aspirin 462	Bell palsy 170­172	infarction 390­392
Astasia 252, 472	Benedikt syndrome 235, 236	Brodmann’s cytoarchitec-
thalamic 271	Betz cells 57, 360, 372	tural map 362­363
Astereognosis 45, 51, 396	Bielschowsky test 145	Brown-Séquard syndrome
Asterogenesis 470	Bing-Horton syndrome 167	78­79, 89, 91
Astrocytes 13	Bladder	Bulb
Astrocytoma	dysfunction 301­304	end, of Krause 19, 20
cystic 257	incomplete emptying	olfactory 127, 128, 129
pilocytic 256, 257	302	Bundle
Ataxia 472, 480	neurogenic 301­304	forebrain, medial 129,
Friedreich 76­78	nonneurogenic 304	130, 274, 276­277, 279
of gait 254	function 300­301	macular 134
of stance 254	innervation 297­300
truncal 252	Blindness 135­136	C
Athetosis 340	cortical 468
Audiometry 184	Blinker phenomenon 135
Auditory pathway 179­183	Blobs 364, 381, 382	Cacosmia 130
Auditory perception 176	Blood pressure 222, 282­	Cajal-Retzius cells 353, 359
see also Hearing loss	283	Callosotomy 388
Autonomic nervous system	Blood-CSF barrier 406­408	Canal
260, 289­292	Body	carotid 127, 419
see also Parasympathetic	geniculate	hypoglossal 127, 205
nervous system; Sym-	lateral 120, 131, 132­	optic 127
pathetic nervous sys-	133, 263­264, 265,	semicircular 176, 185
tem	316	Canalolithiasis 192
Axonal transport 3	medial 120, 180, 181,	Capsule
Axons 3, 4	263­264, 265	external 367
myelination 5­7	Lewy 341	internal 44, 46, 58­60,
regeneration 106	mamillary 261, 268, 313­	262, 334­336, 367
wallerian degeneration	315	genu 58
106	pineal 407	infarction 448­449
	restiform 248	lesions 65, 66
B	trapezoid 180, 216	Cardiac ultrasonography
	Bowman’s glands 128	450
	Brachialgia paresthetica	Carpal tunnel syndrome
Babinski sign 64, 75, 78	nocturna 106	106, 108
Balint syndrome 396	Brachiofacial weakness 64	Cauda equina 70, 86­87
Ballism 340, 345	Brachium	syndrome 85, 97, 98­99
Band(s)	conjunctivum 249	Cavernoma 479
isofrequency 381	pontis 248	Cell(s)
of Baillarger	Bradycardia 298	acidophil (α) 284
external 360	Brainstem 116­120, 207­	anterior horn 30, 67­68,
internal 360	222	187­188
Barrels, cortical 364	blood supply 224­225	inhibition 67­68
Basal ganglia 61, 330­348	disorders 223­237	lesions 76, 77

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500 · Index

basket 361	premotor cortex 57, 58,	Charlin neuralgia 166
basophil (ß) 284	373, 386	Chiasm, optic 132­137, 138,
Betz 57, 360, 372	primary cortical fields	158, 261
bipolar olfactory 128	350, 371­384	lesions 135
Cajal-Retzius 353, 359	auditory cortex 354,	Chorda tympani 168, 171,
chandelier 361	381­383	173
chromophobe (ô) 284­	lesions 383	Chorea (Huntington dis-
286	gustatory cortex 384	ease) 340, 343­345
Deiters 179	motor cortex 57­59, 60,	Choreoathetotic motor rest-
double bouquet 361	372­379, 386	lessness 468, 470
granule 243, 244, 317,	somatosensory cortex	Chromophobe (ô) cells 284­
359­361	372­379	286
hair 177­179	lesions 379	Cingulum 314­315, 366, 368
mitral 128	vestibular cortex 384	Circle of Willis 433, 434­
Purkinje 243, 244	visual cortex 132­134,	435
pyramidal 315­317, 359­	380­381, 382	Circulation
361	lesions 381	anterior 418, 419
tufted 128	thalamocortical reciproc-	ischemic syndromes
Center	ity 365­366	463­466
ciliospinal 157	see also Cerebrum; Cortex	cerebrospinal fluid 408­
micturition 300, 301	Cerebrocerebellum 240, 241	410
Cerebellum 61, 117, 240­258	function 254­255	collateral 432­435
connections 246­251	lesions 255­256	importance of 444­445
flocculonodular lobe 187,	Cerebrospinal fluid 402,	posterior 418, 419
190, 241	406­415	ischemic syndromes
function 251­252	circulation 408­410	466­468
internal structure 243­	disturbances 411­415	Cisterna magna 405
246	CNS diseases and 409­	Cistern(s) 405
surface anatomy 240­242	410	ambient 316, 408
tumors 256­258	pressure 408	cerebellomedullary 408
vascular lesions 256, 470­	measurement 477	chiasmatic 408
473, 480­481	resorption 410­411	interhemispheric 408
Cerebral cortex 350	shunt 415, 477	interpeduncular 408
agranular 361, 362	volume 408	pontomedullary 408
association areas 384­386	Cerebrum 350­400	sylvian 354
multimodal 385­386	anatomy 354­357	transverse 408
unimodal 384­385	connections 365­369	vermian 408
development 350­353	development 350­353	Clarke’s column 41, 42
functions 386­389	frontal lobe 351, 354­355,	Claustrum 332, 335­336
functional localization	386	Claw hand 107
369­386	disturbance 399­400	Clivus 138
granular 361, 362	occipital lobe 150, 351,	Clonus 64
histological organization	354­355	Clopidogrel 462
358­364	parietal lobe 351, 354­	Cluster headache 167
plasticity 364	355	Cochlea 176, 177, 178
variations 361­364	temporal lobe 351, 354­	Colliculus(i)
inside-out stratification	355	facial 167
352­353	white matter 59, 365­	inferior 120, 147, 180, 181,
lesions 64­66, 386­400	369, 446	217
prefrontal region 373,	see also Cerebral cortex	superior 120, 147, 150,
386, 397	Chandelier cells 361	217
lesions 397­399	Charcot aneurysms 478	Colon, innervation 298­299

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Column(s) Clarke’s 41, 42

cortical 379, 380­383 ocular dominance 381,

382 posterior 41­47

central continuation 44 lesions 44­47, 53, 72­ 73, 74­75, 76­78, 79

Comma of Schultz 63 Commissure

anterior 128, 261, 313, 335, 366­369

habenular 272 posterior 261

Compression brachial plexus syn-

dromes 102 peripheral nerves 106 spinal cord 83­84

Computerized tomography (CT) 450­451, 474

Cones 130­132 Congestive myelopathy

490­492 Consciousness 221, 270,

365, 469 Continence, urinary 300

see also Incontinence Conus medullaris 70, 86­87 Conus syndrome 85, 86­87 Cordotomy 48

Cornu Ammonis 315 Corona radiata 44, 58­59,

366, 367

Corpora cavernosa 306 Corpus

callosum 262, 268, 335­ 336, 366­369, 407 agenesis 389

genu 334 splenium 334, 336

lesions 324 transection 388­389

striatum 61, 331 connections 337, 338

Corpuscles Golgi­Mazzoni 20, 21, 44 Meissner 19, 20

Ruffini 19, 20 Vater-Pacini 19, 20, 21,

44

Cortex

cerebellar 240, 243­245 afferent input 243­244 projections 245­246

neocerebellar 250 orbitofrontal 315, 319 piriform 312

striate 132­134, 380 vestibulocerebellar 252 see also Cerebral cortex

Cortical barrels 364 Corticotropin 284 Corticotropin-releasing hor-

mone (CRH) 284 Crista ampullaris 185, 186 Crocodile tears 172 Crura cerebri 59, 60, 119,

120, 219, 262

Cubital tunnel syndrome 107, 108

Culmen 247

Cuneus 356 Cupula 185, 186

Cushing syndrome 288

D

Deafness see Hearing loss Declive 247

Deiters cells 179 Dejerine syndrome 229­

230

Dementia 323, 344, 412 Dendrites 3, 4, 9 Dendritic spines 9 Dermatome 25, 26­27, 91 Déviation conjuguée 386,

465

Diabetes insipidus 283 Diaphragma sellae 404 Diencephalon 13­14, 260

lesions 260 location 261­262

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) 451, 476, 477, 483­484

Diplopia 143, 145 test 141

Disconnection syndromes 388­394

Disinhibition 10

Index · 501

Disks

Merkel’s 19, 20

see also Intervertebral disk

Dizziness 190

Dopamine 11

Double bouquet cells 361 Drive 312

reduced 399, 466 Duchenne-Erb palsy 101 Duct

cochlear 176, 177 endolymphatic 176 perilymphatic 176 Dumbbell tumors 91 Dura mater 402­405 blood supply 404 innervation 405 orbital 404­405 spinal 403, 404 Dysarthria 388, 480 scanning 256 Dysarthrophonia 256

Dysdiadochokinesia 255, 470 Dysequilibrium 190, 252 Dysgraphia 388

Dyslexia 388 Dysmetria 255, 470 Dyssynergia 255

detrusorsphincter 302 Dystonia 340, 345­346

focal 346 generalized 346

E

Ear 176 inner 177

middle 176­177 Edema

cerebral 444 vasogenic 473

Edinger­Westphal nucleus 122, 139, 153, 156, 158, 218

Ejaculation 306 Electroencephalography

369

Embolism 226, 418, 445, 466­467

paradoxical emboli 445

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502 · Index

Encephalitis, herpes sim-	saccadic pursuit move-	connection 365­366
plex 324, 325­326, 409	ments 252	gustatory 265
Encephalopathy, metabolic		intracortical 366
323­324	F	mossy 244­245, 317
End bulbs of Krause 19, 20		parallel 243
Endocrine system regula-		subcortical 366
tion 284­286	Falx	visceromotor 289
Endolymph 177	cerebelli 404	Fila olfactoria 128, 130
Endoneurium 22	cerebri 402­404, 438	Fimbria hippocampi 316,
Enophthalmos 159, 294	Fascia dentata 315­316	319
Enteroceptors 18	Fasciculus	Fissure
Enuresis 304	arcuate 366, 368	hippocampal 316
Epiconus 86­87	cuneatus (of Burdach) 40,	longitudinal 354, 357
syndrome 83­85, 86­87	42, 44­45, 49	inferior 367
Epineurium 22	frontotemporal 367, 368	superior 367
Epiphysis (pineal gland)	gracilis (of Goll) 40, 42,	orbital, superior 127
261, 272­273	44­45, 49	rolandic 354
Epithalamus 260, 261, 262,	lenticular 274	sylvian 354, 356
272­273	longitudinal	Fistula
Epithelium, olfactory 128,	dorsal (of Schütz) 129,	arteriovenous (AV) 490
129	279	spinal dural 491­492
Equilibrium 184­190, 252	inferior 366, 368	carotid-cavernous 421
disturbances of 190­194,	medial (MLF) 146­149,	Fixation reflex 151­152
252	218­219, 252	Flocculus 241
Esotropia 142	lesions 148	Flower-spray endings 35
Ethmoid air cells 138	superior 366, 368	Fluctuating neurological
Excitatory postsynaptic	mamillotegmental 279	deficit 446
potential (EPSP) 8	occipital, vertical 366, 368	Foix-Alajouanine disease
Exotropia 142	occipitofrontal	490
Exteroceptors 18, 19­20	inferior 366, 367	Folium 247
Extinction phenomenon	superior 366	Follicle-stimulating hor-
397	of Meynert 278	mone (FSH) 284
Eye field, frontal 58, 59­61,	olfactory 124	Foramen
150	optic 124	interventricular, of Monro
Eye innervation	proprius 31, 50	261, 407, 408
parasympathetic 157, 158,	semilunar 63	intervertebral
298	subthalamic 274	cervical 93­94
sympathetic 157, 158, 298	thalamic 274	lumbar 96
Eye movements 59­61, 137­	uncinate 245, 366­368	stenosis 93­94, 96
160, 214	Fecal	jugular 127
conjugate 146­151	incontinence 306	lacerum 127
pareses of the eye	retention 305­306	of Luschka 119, 241
muscles 141­143	Fenestra	of Magendie 120, 241
reflex movements 151­153	cochleae 176	ovale 127, 176
accommodation 153­	vestibuli 176	patent 445
155	Fibers	rotundum 127, 176
convergence 153­155	association 361, 366­368	stylomastoid 171
fixation reflex 151­152	cerebral arcuate (U) 366,	Forceps
optokinetic nystagmus	367, 368	major 368, 369
152­153	climbing 244­245	minor 368, 369
pupillary constriction	commissural 361, 366­	Fornix 261­262, 268, 277,
153	369	314, 319, 336, 407

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		Index · 503
Fossa	submandibular 173, 290,	Glial cells 13
interpeduncular 120	296	Glioarchitecture 362
rhomboid 117	thoracic, upper 298­299	Globus pallidus 62, 262,
Fovea 131, 132	trigeminal (gasserian)	266­268, 273­274, 330­
Foville syndrome 231	123, 127, 138, 160, 161,	337
Friedreich ataxia 76­78	216	connections 337, 338­339
Functional magnetic reso-	vagal	Glutamate 11
nance imaging (fMRI)	inferior 197	receptors 11­12
371, 378, 383	superior 197	Glycine 11
Funicular myelosis 72, 74­75	vestibular 180, 187	receptors 12
Funiculus, posterior 44, 45,	see also Basal ganglia	Golgi tendon organs 20, 21,
49	Gastrointestinal motility	34
	222	Golgi­Mazzoni corpuscle
G	Gaze	20, 21, 44
	horizontal 146­149	Gonadotropin-releasing
	disturbances 148­149	hormone (GnRH) 284
G-protein-coupled recep-	vertical 149­150	Gordon reflex 64
tors 8, 12	disturbances 270	Gradenigo syndrome 166
Gagging 222	Gaze center	Granulations, arachnoid
Galactorrhea 286	lesions 150­151	403, 408, 410
Gamma-aminobutyric acid	pontine 146, 151	Granule cells 243, 244, 317,
(GABA) 11	vertical 149	359­361
receptors 12	Genitalia	Gray matter 358
Ganglion	dysfunction 307	spinal cord 70
celiac 290, 294, 298­299	innervation 296, 299, 306	syndrome 74, 75
cervical	Genu	Gray type II synapses 8
inferior 298­299	corpus callosum 334	Growth hormone (GH) 284
middle 293, 298­299	facial nerve	Growth-hormone-releasing
superior 100, 293, 298­	external 167	hormone (GHRH) 284
299	internal 167	Guillain Barré syndrome
cervicothoracic (stellate)	internal capsule 58	410
293	Gerstmann syndrome 396	Gustatory pathway 174
ciliary 156, 158, 161, 290,	Gland(s)	Gynecomastia 286
296, 298	adrenal, innervation 299	Gyrus
dorsal root (spinal) 18, 27	Bowman’s 128	ambient 128, 129
syndrome of 71­72	lacrimal 173, 175, 298	cingulate 130, 268, 313,
geniculate 168, 169, 171,	nasal 175	315
172­173	parotid 175, 298	isthmus 356
glossopharyngeal	pineal (epiphysis) 261,	dentate 315­317, 356
inferior 196, 202	272­273, 407	fusiform 357
superior 196, 203	pituitary	lingual 357
hypogastric 299	anterior lobe (adenohy-	occipitotemporal
lumbar, lower 299	pophysis) 262, 280,	lateral 357
mesenteric	281, 284	medial 357
inferior 290, 294, 297,	posterior lobe (neuro-	of insula
299	hypophysis) 261,	long 358
superior 290, 294, 298	274­275, 278, 280,	short 358
otic 290, 296, 298	284	orbital 357
pterygopalatine 161, 168,	tumor 287­288	parahippocampal 128,
173, 290, 296, 298	sublingual 173, 175, 298	316, 357
sacral, upper 299	submandibular 173, 175,	postcentral 18, 44, 46­48,
spiral 179, 180, 181	298	50, 354­357, 372

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504 · Index

Gyrus	spastic 66, 379	Hydrocephalus 402, 411­
precentral 50, 56­58, 60,	Hemiplegia	415, 478, 485
169, 354, 356, 372	alternating 116, 226, 227	active 412
rectus 357	spastic 66­67	compensated 412
semilunar 128, 129	Hemorrhage	children 414
temporal	basal ganglia 272	communicating 412, 413
inferior 357	epidural 477, 488­489	ex vacuo 412
superior 358	intracerebral 477, 478­481	hypersecretory 411
transverse (of Heschl)	cerebellar 480­481	malresorptive 411, 415
181, 182, 354, 358	hypertensive 478­479	noncommunicating 412
	nonhypertensive 479	normal pressure (NPH)
H	intracranial 418, 477­489	412­413
	intraparenchymal	occlusive 411
	(venous) 473	uncontrolled 412
Habenula 272	septal nuclei 324	Hyperabduction syndrome
Hair cells 177­179	subarachnoid (SAH) 415,	102
Hearing loss	477, 481­487	Hypercolumns 381
conductive 183	acute nontraumatic	Hyperkinesia 340
diagnostic evaluation	483­484	choreiform 343­344
183­184	aneurysms 481­482	Hypermetria 255
directed hearing 383	grading 483, 484	Hyperosmia 130
high-frequency 194	rebleeding 487	Hyperprolactinemia 286
neurological disorders	treatment 484­485	Hyperreflexia 64
and 184	subdural 477, 487­488	detrusor 302
sensorineural 183	Heparin 476	Hypertension
sudden 184	Hering’s law 146	arterial 448, 478
Heart	Herpes simplex 324, 325­	treatment 461
innervation 294, 296, 298	326, 409	intracranial 414, 477, 478
rate 282­283	Herpes zoster 71­72	treatment 479
Hemangioblastoma 257	Hippocampus 313, 315­319,	Hyperthermia, central 282
Hematoma	352	Hypertropia 142
epidural 488­489	Homunculus 372	Hypesthesia 51
spinal 492	motor 57	Hypokinesia 340, 342
subdural 487­488	somatosensory 44	Hypomimia 342
acute 487­488	Horn	Hypoperfusion, arterial
chronic 488	Ammon’s 315­317	489­490
treatment 488	anterior 70, 407	Hypophysis 261
surgical removal 479	lesions 76, 77	Hypopituitarism 286
Hematomyelia 72, 74, 492	inferior 407	Hyporeflexia 256
Hemianesthesia 379, 470	lateral 70	Hyposmia 130
Hemianopsia 381	posterior 39, 70, 336, 407	Hypothalamic­pituitary
binasal 135	lesions 72­74	axis 284­286
bitemporal 135	Horn cells, anterior 30, 67­	disturbances 286­287
homonymous 136­137,	68, 187­188	Hypothalamus 260, 261­
464, 465, 468	inhibition 67­68	262, 263, 274­288
Hemiataxia 271, 470, 472	lesions 76, 77	functions 282­286, 291
Hemiballism 273, 346­347	Horner syndrome 157­159,	location 274­276
Hemihypesthesia 379, 464,	294	nuclei 220, 275, 276
465	causes 294­295	projections 276­281
Hemiparesis 64, 66, 464­	Hourglass tumors 91	Hypothermia 282
466, 470, 478	Huntington disease	Hypotonia 69, 256
flaccid 66, 379	(chorea) 340, 343­345	Hypotropia 142

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I

Impotence 286, 307 Incontinence

fecal 306

urinary 302, 304, 412, 466 stress 304

urge 302 Incus 176, 177

Indusium griseum 313, 352 Infarction 444­445

brainstem 145, 149, 223, 467

Broca’s area 390­392 cerebellar 471­472 embolic 445 hemodynamic 445­448 lacunar 448­449 septal nuclei 324, 327­

328

spinal cord 88­89, 439, 489­490

territorial 445 thalamic 324, 326­327,

469­470 venous 473

Wernicke’s area 392­393 see also Ischemia; specific

arteries

Information flow 2 Information processing 2 Inhibition

forward 10

inhibitory neurotransmitters 11

inhibitory receptors 12 recurrent 10

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 8

Innervation 91­92 abdominal and pelvic or-

gans 294, 296, 298­299 bladder 297­300 rectum 299, 305

dura mater 405 eye

parasympathetic 157, 158, 298

sympathetic 157, 158, 298

genitalia 296, 299, 306­ 307

head and neck 293, 296 glands of the head 175,

298

heart and lungs 294, 296, 298

polyradicular 25, 92 somatosensory 26­29

Insula 335, 354, 358 Interneurons 31 Intervertebral disk 93

degeneration 93 cervical 93­96 lumbar 96­97

herniation 92, 96­97, 98­ 99

central 92 posterolateral 92

protrusion 92, 96 Intestine, innervation 298­

299

Intracranial hypertension 414, 477, 478 treatment 479

Ischemia

anterior circulation syndromes 463­466

brainstem 223 cerebral 418, 443­477

causes 445­448 diagnostic evaluation

449­454 treatment 455­463

prophylaxis 461­463 posterior circulation syn-

dromes 466­468 prolonged reversible

ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND) 444

spinal cord 88­89 subthalamic nucleus 346­

347

transient ischemic attack (TIA) 443­444

see also Infarction Isocortex 359

J

Jacksonian seizures 51, 66, 379

Jannetta procedure 473

Index · 505

K

Kidney innervation 299 Kinesthetic sense, loss of 45 Klumpke palsy 102 Korsakoff syndrome 323

L

Labyrinth 178, 185

Lacrimation 298 Lamina

medullary external 262 internal 262

tectal 261 terminalis 261

Language 387­388 automatic 387 nonautomatic 387

Lateropulsion 470 Learning 319 Lemniscus

lateral 181

medial 42­44, 46, 181, 216, 218, 265 lesions 53

spinal 48 trigeminal 218

lesions 51­53 Leptomeninges 402 Leukoaraiosis 448 Ligament, denticulate 403 Ligand-gated receptors 8,

11

Limbic system 312­328 Lingula 247

Liposis (lipomatosis) 113 Lobe

frontal 351, 354­355, 386 disturbance 399­400 occipital 150, 351, 354­

355

parietal 351, 354­355 temporal 351, 354­355

Locus ceruleus 220 Luteinizing hormone (LH)

284

Lyme disease 410 Lymphoma, spinal cord

compression 83­84

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506 · Index

M

MacEwan sign 414 Macule

saccular 185 statica 186 utricular 185

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 450, 451, 474, 477

functional (fMRI) 371, 378, 383

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 370­371

Malleus 176, 177

Massa intermedia 261­262, 277­278

Mechanoreceptors 19 Meckel’s cave 404 Medulla 59, 116, 117­119,

207­215 adrenal 294 blood supply 225

pyramids 59, 60, 62, 119 lesions 65, 66

syndromes 226­230 Medulloblastoma 256­257 Meissner corpuscles 19, 20 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 284

Membrane basilar 177­179 Reissner’s 177

tympanic 176­177 Memory 319­322

frontal-lobe-type functions 322

islands of 324 long-term (LTM) 320­321

diagnostic tests 321 episodic 321 explicit (declarative)

321

implicit (nondeclarative) 321

semantic 321 short-term (STM) 320­

321

diagnostic tests 321 Squire’s taxonomy 321­

322 Mendel-Bekhterev reflex 64

Ménière’s disease 184 Meninges 402­406 Meningioma 91

olfactory groove 130 Meningitis 409

fungal 410 tuberculous 409 viral 409

Merkel’s disks 19, 20 Mesencephalon see Mid-

brain Mesocortex 312

Metabolic encephalopathy 323­324

Metastases 257 Meyer’s loop 133, 137 Microaneurysms 478

Microangiopathic leukoencephalopathy 448

Microangiopathy 418 Microelectrode recording

369

Microglial cells 13 Microvascular decompres-

sion 473

Micturition 297, 300­301 Midbrain 13, 116, 120, 210­

211, 217­222 blood supply 225

Millard-Gubler syndrome 231

Miosis 157, 159, 294, 298 Mitral cells 128 Monkey hand 107 Monoplegia 67

Motion sickness 190­191 Motor end plates 56, 60, 68 Motor restlessness,

choreoathetotic 468, 470 Motor system 56

central components 57­67 lesions 64­67

peripheral components 67­69

Motor units 68 large 68 lesions 69 small 68

Multiple sclerosis 135, 136­ 137, 149, 166, 410

Multiple system atrophy 342

Muscle(s) abdominal 111 abductor

digiti quinti 110 pollicis 110

brevis 110 longus 111

adductor brevis 111 longus 111 magnus 111

anconeus 111 atrophy 69, 113 biceps

brachii 95, 110 femoris 112

brachialis 110 brachioradialis 95, 111 ciliary 153, 154, 298 coracobrachialis 110 deltoid 110

detrusor 297, 300­301 instability and hyper-

reflexia 302 dilator pupillae 158, 159 extensor

carpi radialis 111 ulnaris 111

digiti quinti 111 digitorum 111 brevis 98, 112 longus 112

hallucis brevis 112

longus 98, 112 indicis proprius 111 pollicis

brevis 111 longus 111 extraocular 138, 140,

188 flexor carpi

radialis 110 ulnaris 110

digiti quinti brevis 110 digitorum

brevis 112 longus 112 profundus 110 superficialis 110

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		Index · 507
hallucis longus 112	rectus	vastus
pollicis	inferior 137, 139, 142	lateralis 98
brevis 110	lateral 137, 138, 142	medialis 98
longus 110	paralysis 146	Muscle length regulation
gastrocnemius 112	medial 137, 139, 142	34, 35­37
gemelli 112	superior 137, 139, 142	dysfunction 64
genioglossus 206	rhomboids 109	setting of target values
gluteus	sartorius 111	37­38
maximus 112	scalene 109	Muscle spindles 20, 21, 33­
medius 111	segment-indicating 92,	35
minimus 111	93, 95	Muscle tension regulation
gracilis 111	semimembranosus 112	33­35
hyoglossus 206	semitendinosus 112	Muscle tone 38, 251, 253,
hypothenar 95	serratus anterior 109	330
iliopsoas 111	soleus 112	Muscle tone
infraspinatus 109	sphincter	abnormalities 340
interossei 110	pupillae 155­157, 158	adaptation 38­39
latissimus dorsi 109	rectal 305	Muscular dystrophies 113­
levator	urethral 297­301	114
palpebrae 137, 139	dysfunction 304	Myasthenia 113
paralysis 144	stapedius 177	gravis 113
scapulae 109	sternocleidomastoid 109,	Mydriasis 156­157, 298
lumbricales 110	203	Myelin sheath 5­7
masseter 161	paralysis 204	Myelitis
flaccid weakness 164­	styloglossus 206	parainfectious 81­82
166	subscapularis 109	transverse 80
mental 161	supinator 111	Myeloarchitecture 362
oblique	supraspinatus 109	Myelopathy, congestive
inferior 137, 139, 142	tarsal	490­492
superior 137, 138, 142	inferior 159	Myelosis, funicular 72, 74­
paralysis 145	superior 159	75
obturator	temporalis 161	Myopathy 113­114
externus 111	flaccid weakness 164­	Myotome 91
internus 112	165
opponens	tensor	N
digiti quinti 110	fasciae latae 111
pollicis, brevis 110	tympani 177
orbitalis 159	teres	Neglect 397, 398
palmaris longus 110	major 109	Neocerebellum 241
pectineus 111	minor 110	Neocortex 315, 351, 359
pectoralis	thenar 95	Neostriatum 331
major 109	lateral 106	Nerve(s)
minor 109	thoracic 111	abducens 124, 127, 138,
pelvic floor 300	tibialis	140, 141
peroneus 112	anterior 98, 112	palsy 66, 143, 146
brevis 98	posterior 112	accessory 119, 125, 127,
longus 98	tongue 206	194­196, 200­201
piriformis 111	trapezius 109, 203	alveolar, inferior 161
plantar 112	paralysis 204	auricular
pronator teres 95, 110	triceps	great 29, 100
quadratus femoris 112	brachii 95, 111	posterior 168, 171
quadriceps femoris 111	surae 98, 112	auriculotemporal 161

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508 · Index

Nerve(s)	median 29, 101, 105, 110	subscapular 101
axillary 29, 101, 105, 110	palsy 106, 107	supraclavicular 29, 100
buccal 161	musculocutaneous 101,	suprascapular 101, 109
cardiac 290, 294	105, 110	sural 29
cervical 23, 24, 109	myohyoid 161	thoracic 23, 24
dorsal rami 29	nasociliary 161	dorsal rami 29
transverse 29, 100	obturator 29, 104, 105,	lateral rami 29
cluneal 29	111	long 101, 109
coccygeal 23, 24	occipital	ventral rami 29
cochlear 171, 179­182	greater 29, 100	thoracodorsal 101, 109
cranial 116, 120­127	lesser 29, 100	tibial 103, 104, 112
deficits 117	oculomotor 120, 124, 127,	palsy 103
nuclei 121, 122, 123	138­140, 158, 290	trigeminal 29, 119, 121,
see also specific nerves	palsy 66, 143, 144	123­124, 127, 140, 161­
cutaneous	olfactory 116, 124, 129	167
antebrachial 29	ophthalmic 29, 127, 138,	disorders 164­167
brachial 29	160, 161	motor fibers 164
femoral	optic 116, 124, 127, 131­	pain and temperature
lateral 29, 104	137, 140, 158	fibers 163­164
posterior 29, 104	lesions 135, 156	trochlear 120, 124, 127,
facial 124, 127, 167­172	pectoral	138, 140­141, 218
external genu 167	lateral 101, 109	palsy 143, 145
internal genu 167	medial 101, 109	tympanic 196
palsy 66, 170­172	peroneal (fibular) 103,	ulnar 29, 101, 105, 110
femoral 29, 104, 105, 111	105	palsy 106, 107, 108
frontal 161	common 29, 103, 104	vagus 119, 125, 127, 194­
genitofemoral 29, 104	deep 29, 112	203, 290, 296
glossopharyngeal 119,	palsy 103	lesion 198
125, 127, 194­203, 290	superficial 29, 112	vestibular 140, 171, 184­
lesions 196­197	petrosal, greater 171	194
gluteal	phrenic 100, 101, 109	vestibulocochlear 125,
inferior 104, 105, 112	plantar	127, 175­194, 248
superior 104, 105, 111	lateral 29	Nerve plexuses see Plexus
hypoglossal 100, 119, 125,	medial 29	Nerve roots
127, 204­207	pudendal 104, 112, 297,	spinal 22­25, 70
palsy 66, 206­207	305, 306	accessory nerve 200­
iliohypogastric 29, 104	pulmonary 290, 294	201, 203
ilioinguinal 29, 104	radial 29, 101, 105, 111	lesions 203­204
intercostal 111	palsy 106, 107	anterior 22, 23, 56, 68
lateral cutaneous rami	sacral 23, 24	dorsal root entry zone
29	dorsal rami 29	(DREZ) 39
intercostobrachial 29	saphenous 29, 105	posterior 22, 23, 24­25
laryngeal	scapular, dorsal 101,	lesions 53, 72, 73
recurrent 198	109	syndromes 91­99
superior 197­198	sciatic 104, 105, 112	cervical degenerative
lingual 161, 173	spinal 23, 24, 68, 91	lesions 93­96
lumbar 23, 24	splanchnic	lumbar degenerative
dorsal rami 29	greater 290, 294	lesions 96­97
mandibular 29, 127, 160,	lesser 290, 294	Nervus intermedius 122­
161	pelvic 290, 296, 297	124, 167, 171, 172­175,
maxillary 29, 127, 160,	subclavius 101	290
161	suboccipital 100	Neural tube 13

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		Index · 509
Neuralgia	Neuropathy, vestibular 193	hypoglossal 117, 119, 121,
Charlin 166	Neuropeptides 11	122, 204­206
glossopharyngeal 196­	Neurosecretion 284­286	lesions 206­207
197	Neurosyphilis 409	hypothalamic 220, 275,
postherpetic 72	Neurotransmitters 10­11	276
trigeminal 165­166, 472­	analogues 12	dorsomedial 275, 276,
473	excitatory 10­11	277
idiopathic 165	inhibitory 10­11	infundibular 275, 276
Neurinoma 91	synaptic transmission 8,	lateral 276
Neuritis	9	mamillary body 262,
retrobulbar 135	NMDA receptor 11­12	276
vestibular 193	Nociceptors 19	paraventricular 275,
Neuroborreliosis 410	Nodes of Ranvier 5­6	276, 278, 283
Neurodevelopment 13­15	Nodulus 241	posterior 275, 276
cellular proliferation 14	Norepinephrine 11	preoptic 275, 276
cerebral cortex develop-	Notch, preoccipital 356	supraoptic 275, 276,
ment 350­353	Nucleus	278, 283
growth of cellular	abducens 122, 137	tuberal 275, 276
processes 14	accessory 121, 122, 139,	ventromedial 275, 276,
neuronal migration 14	200	277
programmed neuronal	ambiguus 121, 122, 200,	interlaminar 263
death 15	201	intermediolateral 273
synaptogenesis 14	basalis (of Meynert) 274	interpeduncular 129
Neuroglia 13, 365	caudate 61, 262, 330­336	interstitial, of Cajal 147,
Neurohypophysis 261, 274­	head 46, 58, 60, 268,	150
275, 278, 280, 284	333­335	lentiform 58, 60
Neuroma, acoustic 184, 194,	tail 46, 60, 316, 333­	mesencephalic 121, 123
258	336	oculomotor 121, 122, 137­
Neuromuscular junction	central, superior 220	139, 218
syndromes 113	cerebellar 240, 245	of Darkschewitsch 147,
Neuron(s) 3­7	hemorrhage 478	150
association 31	cochlear 117, 121, 123	of Perlia 139, 153, 218
cellular proliferation 14	dorsal 180, 181	of the posterior commis-
commissural 31	ventral 180, 181	sure 150
dopaminergic 12	cranial nerves 120­121	olivary 116, 207, 210­214,
EE 383	cuneatus 42, 43, 44, 117,	250
EI 383	121, 208	accessory 214
excitatory 10	accessory 43, 248	inferior 62, 119, 210­
functional groups 12	dentate 218, 245, 247,	214
funicular 48	250	lesions 214­215
glutamatergic 12	Edinger­Westphal 121,	pontine 62, 116, 247, 250
inhibitory 10	122, 139, 153, 156, 158,	prestitial 149
motor 56, 57	218	pretectal 158, 217
α 67­68, 187	emboliform 218, 245, 247,	pulposus 93
ô 37­38, 64, 67, 187	253, 268	raphe 337
parvocellular 284	facial 122, 167	dorsalis 220
programmed cell death	fastigial 245, 247, 253	magnus 220
15	globose 245, 247, 253	obscurus 220
pyramidal 57	gracilis 42­44, 117, 121,	pontis 220
structure 4	208	red 62, 116, 207, 218, 247,
Neuronal migration 14	habenular 129, 130, 261,	250, 337
disorders 353	272, 319	syndrome 235, 236

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510 · Index

Nucleus	posterolateral (VPL)	internuclear (INO) 148­
reticular	44, 47, 48, 263,	149
lateral 208	264, 265­266, 271	Oppenheim reflex 64
of the thalamus 262,	posteromedial (VPM)	Opsoclonus 253
263	173, 263, 264, 265­	Organ of Corti 177­179, 181
salivatory	266, 271	Oscillopsia 190
inferior 121, 122, 201,	thoracic 41, 42, 49	Ossicles 177
202, 222	tractus solitarius 121,	Osteochondrosis 93
superior 121, 122, 173,	123, 173, 215	cervical 93­94
201, 222	trigeminal 121, 123	lumbar 96
septal, infarction 324,	mesencephalic 160,	Oxytocin 284
327­328	162, 216
spinal, lesions 53	motor 162, 216	P
subthalamic 260, 262,	principal sensory 160,
273­274, 333, 336, 337	162, 163, 216
ischemia 346­347	spinal 160, 162, 163­	Pachymeninx 402
suprachiasmatic 273	164	Pain
tegmental 62, 129	trochlear 121, 122, 137,	perception 372
pedunculopontine 220	140	phantom 379
thalamic 263­269	vagal 117	referred 307­308
anterior 263, 264, 268,	dorsal 121, 122, 201­	thalamic 271, 272
278, 314­315	202, 215, 220	visceral 307
centromedian 262­264,	vestibular 117, 121, 123,	Paleocerebellum 241
268, 269, 274, 337	185, 187­190, 216, 248	Paleocortex 312, 351, 359
dorsal 267	inferior 147, 187, 188	Paleostriatum 331
intermediate 267	lateral 62, 147, 187, 188	Palsy
lateral 263, 264	medial 147, 187, 188	abducens nerve 66, 143,
medial 264, 267, 319	superior 147, 187, 188	146
oral 267	Nutritional intake regula-	accessory nerve 203­204
superficial 267	tion 284	brachial plexus
intralaminar 264, 269,	Nystagmus 191, 252­253,	lower (Klumpke) 102
270­271	472	upper (Duchenne-Erb)
lateral 262, 267, 269	complex 253	101
posterior 263, 264	gaze-evoked 252­253	facial 66, 170
lesions 268­269, 270­	monocular 148	central 170
272	optokinetic 152­153	idiopathic (Bell) 170­
medial 262, 263, 268	periodic alternating 253	172
nonspecific 265	rebound 253	peripheral 170
reticular 262, 263	vestibular 191	gaze, vertical 270
specific 265­269		hypoglossal nerve 66,
venterolateral 263	O	206­207
ventral 265­267, 271		median nerve 106, 107
anterior (VA) 263,		oculomotor nerve 66,
264, 266, 267, 270­	Ocular flutter 253	143, 144
271	Olfactory system 128­130,	peroneal nerve 103
intermediate (VIm)	351	progressive
264, 266	disconnection system 394	bulbar 76
lateral (VL) 263, 264,	Oligodendrocytes 5, 6, 13	supranuclear 342
266, 271	Olives see Nucleus, olivary	pseudobulbar, microan-
lesions 271	Ophthalmoplegia	giopathic 236
oral anterior 265­267	external 144	radial nerve 106, 107
oral posterior 265	internal 144	tibial nerve 103

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		Index · 511
trochlear nerve 143, 145	cerebral 59, 60, 120, 217,	hypogastric 290, 297,
ulnar nerve 106, 107, 108	219	299, 306
Pancoast tumor 294­295	lesions 65, 66, 235, 237	inferior 296, 299
Pancreas innervation 298	mamillary body 277	superior 296, 299
Panhypopituitarism 286	Penumbra 445	lumbosacral 71, 91, 104,
Papez circuit 312, 314­315	Perceptual integration 395­	111­112
Papilledema 135, 405, 477	396	lesions 103
Paragrammatism 388	Perikaryon 3, 4	lumbar 103
Paralysis	Perilymph 177	sacral 103
crossed 116	Perineurium 22	myenteric (of Auerbach)
flaccid 69	Periosteum 403	298­299
spastic 76	Peripheral nerves 21­22, 24,	parotid 168
Paraparesis 466, 489, 490­	68	periarterial 298
492	lesions 27­29, 106­112	submucosal (of Meissner)
Paraphasic errors	differential diagnosis	298­299
phonemic 388	109­112	venous 442
semantic 388	polyneuropathies 108	epidural 442
Paraplegia 67	somatosensory innerva-	external
Parasympathetic nervous	tion 26­29	anterior 442
system 282­283, 289­	see also Nerve(s)	posterior 442
292, 295­296	Peristalsis 298­299	internal, anterior 442
bladder innervation 297	inhibition 298­299	Poikilothermia 282
hypothalamic control 291	Peritrichial nerve endings	Poliomyelitis 71, 76, 77
Paresis 466	19, 20	Polyneuritis 108
eye muscles 141­143	Perseveration 397	Polyneuropathies 108
flaccid 56, 106, 489	Photoreceptors 130	Polyradiculitis 80, 410
spastic 56	Pia mater 406	Polysensory mismatch 190
pathogenesis 64	spinal 403, 406	Polyuria, hypo-osmolar
syndrome 64	Pick disease 412	283
see also Hemiparesis	Pinealocytes 273	Pons 59, 60, 116, 119­120,
Paresthesia 51, 53	Pinwheels 380­381, 382	210­211, 215­216
Parinaud syndrome 150	Plate	blood supply 225
Parkinsonism 340­343	cortical 352	lesions 65, 66, 231­236,
familial 341	cribriform 127	478
idiopathic Parkinson’s	quadrigeminal 120, 217	tegmentum 215, 216
disease 340­341, 343	Plexus 24­25, 56, 68	ventral 215­216
Parkinson-plus syndrome	brachial 71, 91, 101, 109­	Pontocerebellum 241
342	111	Pope’s blessing 107
subtypes 342	lesions 101­103	Positron emission tomogra-
Parosmia 130	causes 102­103	phy (PET) 371, 452
Pathway	lower (Klumpke	Postherpetic neuralgia 72
auditory 179­183	palsy) 102	Postsynaptic membrane 8
central sympathetic 219	upper (Duchenne-	Precocious puberty 273
cortico-striato-pallido-	Erb palsy) 101	Preplate 352
thalamo-cortical 338	cardiac 294, 298	Presubiculum 316
gustatory 174	carotid	Presynaptic membrane 8
see also Tract	external 293	Primary lateral sclerosis 76
Peduncle	internal 293	Priming effect 321
cerebellar 117, 240	cervical 91, 100, 109	Programmed neuronal
inferior 248	lesions 100	death 15
middle 119, 248­249	choroid 261­262, 316,	Prolactin 284
superior 120, 249, 253	334, 336, 406, 408	Prolactinoma 286, 287­288

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512 · Index

Prolonged reversible	Ramus communicans	pupillary light 132, 136­
ischemic neurological	gray 292, 293	137, 155­156
deficit (PRIND) 444	white 292, 293	hemianopic 137
Proprioception 41­44, 372	Rathke’s pouch 274	lesions 156
Proprioceptors 18	Rebound phenomenon 255	regulation 155­156
Prosencephalon 13, 350	Receptor organs 18­21	quadriceps (knee-jerk)
Prosopagnosia 396	skin 19­20	35, 36, 97, 98
Pseudo-depressive per-	Receptors	relaxation of antagonist
sonality 399	blockers 12	muscles 30, 35, 37
Pseudo-psychopathic per-	excitatory 11­12	sneeze 163
sonality 399	G-protein-coupled 12	stapedius 168
Pseudotumor cerebri 47	inhibitory 12	suck 163
Ptosis 144, 294	ligand-gated 11	swallowing 222
Pulvinar 263­264, 266­267,	Recess	tibialis posterior 97
269	infundibular 261, 407	triceps 36, 95, 96
Pupil	optic 261, 407	triceps surae 36
afferent defect 156	suprapineal 407	Trömner 96
Argyll Robertson 155	Recombinant tissue	vestibulo-ocular (VOR)
constriction 153	plasminogen activator	191, 253
dilation 144, 156­157	(rtPA) 454	impaired suppression
light reflex 132, 136­137,	Rectum	by fixation 253
155­156	emptying disorders 305­	Reissner’s membrane 177
hemianopic 137	306	Renshaw cells 67­68
lesions 156	innervation 299, 305	Respiration 222
regulation 155­156	Redlich-Obersteiner zone 39	Reticular formation 49, 61­
Purkinje cells 243, 244	Reflex sympathetic dystro-	62, 116, 129, 207, 214­
Putamen 61, 62, 266­268,	phy 106	215, 219­222
274, 330­336	Reflexes	ascending reticular acti-
Pyramidal cells 315­317,	Achilles (ankle-jerk) 85,	vating system (ARAS)
359­361	97, 98	221, 269, 270
Pyramids	auditory reflex arcs 182­	paramedian pontine
decussation of 59, 60,	183	(PPRF) 146
119	biceps 36, 95	rostrodorsal portion 149
medullary 59, 60, 62, 119	blink 160, 162, 168	Retina 130­132, 133, 134
lesions 65, 66	bulbocavernosus 80	Retinotopy 380
	corneal 141, 162, 163	Retrograde transport 3, 5
Q	crossed extensor 33	Rhombencephalon 13
	eye movements 151­155,	Rib, cervical 102
	217	Rigidity 342
Quadrantanopsia 381, 468	accommodation 153­155	Rinne test 183
Quadriparesis 67	convergence 153­155	Rods 130­132
Quadriplegia 67	fixation 151­152	Rolandic fissure 354
	lesions affecting 152	Romberg sign 46, 72, 75, 78
R	optokinetic nystagmus	Romberg test 254
	152­153	Roots, see Nerve roots
	pupillary constriction	Ruffini corpuscles 19, 20
Radiation	153
auditory 180­182	gag 222	S
callosal 369	intrinsic 30, 35, 36
optic 132­134, 367, 382	masseter 162
thalamocingulate 315	monosynaptic 30	Saccule 176, 185
Radionuclide studies 452	polysynaptic 30­33	Sacculus 175

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		Index · 513
Salivation 222, 298	Sinus	hemisection syndrome
Saltatory conduction 6	cavernous 137, 138, 141,	78­79
Scala	419, 420, 438	transection syndromes
media 177	dural 437­438	80­89
tympani 176, 177	frontal 138	acute 80
vestibuli 176, 177	occipital 436	cauda equina syn-
Scalene syndrome 102­103	petrosal	drome 85
Schwann cells 5	inferior 438	cervical 83
Schwannoma, vestibular	superior 140, 438	conus syndrome 85,
258	sagittal	86­87
SchwartzBartter syndrome	inferior 436, 438	epiconus syndrome
283	superior 403, 436, 437,	83­85, 86­87
Sciatica 97	438	lumbar 83
Scotoma 468	thrombosis 475	progressive 80
Seizures	sigmoid 437, 438	thoracic 83
epileptic 474	sphenoid 138	vascular 89­91, 489­
Jacksonian 51, 66, 379	sphenoparietal 438	492
Sensorimotor area 50	straight 436, 437, 438	tumors 89­91
Sensory conflict hypothesis	thromboses 473­476	dumbbell (hourglass)
190	transverse 436, 437, 438	tumors 91
Sensory deficits 26­28, 51­	Skin	extradural 89
53, 106	receptors 19­20	intradural
cortical/subcortical le-	somatosensory innerva-	extramedullary 89­90
sions 51	tion 26­29	intramedullary 91
dissociated 48, 74	Sleepwake cycle 221	venous drainage 442­443
peripheral nerve lesions	Somatosensory system 18­	impaired 490­492
27­29, 106­108	53	Spinal shock 80
posterior column lesions	central components 39­50	Spinocerebellum 240, 241
44­47	central processing 50­51	function 253
radicular lesions 26­27,	peripheral components	lesions 254
91­99	18­39	Split-brain patients 388­
differential diagnosis	Somatotopy 372­379	389
109­112	Somatotropic hormone	Spondylarthrosis 93
spinothalamic tract lesions	(STH) 284	Stapes 176, 177
anterior 47	Space	Statoliths 185, 192
lateral 48	epidural 403	Steele-Richardson-
trigeminal lemniscus le-	subarachnoid 403	Olszewski syndrome 342
sions 51­53	subdural 403	Steinert-Batten-Cursch-
Septum pellucidum 261,	Virchow-Robin 406	mann dystrophy 113
335	Speech 388	Stereocilia 177­179
Serotonin 11	Spinal automatisms 80	Stereognosis 51
Sherrington’s law 146	Spinal cord 70­71	Stereotaxy 369
Shunt, cerebrospinal fluid	blood supply 418, 439­443	Stilling’s nucleus 41, 42
415, 477	compression 83­84	Stratum zonale 262
Sign	infarction 439, 489­490	Striae
Babinski 64, 75, 78	lumbosacral 88­89	longitudinal 129
MacEwan 414	meninges 403	medullares thalami 129,
pyramidal 64	dura mater 403, 404	130, 261, 272
Romberg 46, 72, 75, 78	pia mater 403, 406	olfactory
Single-photon emission	subarachnoid 403, 405	lateral 128, 129
computerized tomogra-	Spinal cord	medial 128, 129
phy (SPECT) 452	syndromes 70­91	terminalis 277, 319, 368

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514 · Index

Stripe of Gennari 132­134,	Swallowing 222	Gradenigo 166
359, 380	Sylvian	gray matter 74, 75
Stroke 418	cistern 354	Guillain Barré 410
ischemic 444	fissure 354, 356	Horner 157­159, 294­295
risk factors 462	Sympathectomy 295	hyperabduction 102
treatment 455­463	Sympathetic nervous sys-	inappropriate ADH secre-
prophylaxis 461­463	tem 282, 289­295	tion (SchwartzBartter)
see also Hemorrhage; In-	bladder innervation 297­	283
farction; Ischemia	300	ischemic 463­468
Subacute combined	hypothalamic control 291	anterior circulation
degeneration (SCD) 75	lesions 294­295	463­466
Subarachnoid hemorrhage	Synapses 3, 7­10	posterior circulation
(SAH) see Hemorrhage	asymmetrical 8	466­468
Subiculum 316, 319	axo-axonal 10	Korsakoff 323
Subplate 352	axodendritic 9	medullary
Substantia	axosomatic 10	dorsolateral (Wallen-
gelatinosa 42, 49	chemical 9	berg) 227­229, 470
innominata 274	electrical 9	medial (Dejerine) 229­
nigra 61, 62, 116, 207, 217,	input 9­10	230
219, 337­338	structure 7­8	muscle 113­114
Subthalamus 260, 263, 273­	symmetrical 8	neuromuscular junction
274	Synaptic transmission 8, 9	113
Sudeck syndrome 106	Synaptogenesis 14	Parinaud 150
Sulcus	Syndrome(s)	Parkinsonism 340­343
calcarine 356, 357, 432	amnestic 312, 323­328	Parkinson-plus syn-
callosal 356	anterior horn 76, 77	drome 342
central 354, 356	anterior spinal artery 88­	peripheral nerve 106­108
cingulate 356, 357	89	differential diagnosis
collateral 318, 356	Balint 396	109­112
frontal	basis pontis	plexus 100­104
inferior 356	caudal (Millart-Gubler)	brachial 101­103
middle 356	231	causes 102­103
superior 356	midportion 234­235	lower (Klumpke
hippocampal 356	Bing-Horton 167	palsy) 102
hypothalamic 261	brainstem, vascular 116	upper (Duchenne-
lateral 354, 356	Brown-Séquard 78­79,	Erb palsy) 101
lunate 356	89, 91	cervical 100
occipitotemporal 356	carpal tunnel 106, 108	lumbosacral 103
of insula, central 358	cerebral peduncle	lumbar 103
of vertebral artery 421	(Weber) 235, 237	sacral 103
olfactory 357	compression 102	pontine tegmentum
orbital 357	corticospinal tract 76, 77	caudal 231­233
parieto-occipital 356, 357	costoclavicular 102	oral 233­234
postcentral 356	cubital tunnel 107, 108	posterior column 72, 73,
precentral 356	Cushing 288	76­78, 79
rhinal 356	disconnection 388­394	posterior horn 72­74
temporal	dorsal root ganglion 71­	posterior root 72, 73
inferior 356	72	radicular 91­99
middle 356	frontal brain 268­269	cervical 93­96
superior 356	Gerstmann 396	differential diagnosis
Sunset phenomenon 414	glossopharyngeal nerve	109­112
Suprasellar mass effect 286	196	lumbar 96­97

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		Index · 515
red nucleus (Benedikt)	olfactory 128­130, 351	thalamocortical reciproc-
235, 236	disconnection syn-	ity 365­366
Scalene 102­103	drome 394	Thermanesthesia 489
spastic paresis 64	pyramidal 330, 331	Thermoreceptors 19
spinal cord 70­91	somatosensory 18­53	Thrombolytic therapy 454­
cauda equina 85, 97,	thoracolumbar 289	455
98­99	vagal 194­204	basilar artery 458­461
conus 85, 86­87	ventricular 406, 407	middle cerebral artery
epiconus 83­85, 86­87	vestibular 185	456­458
hemisection syndrome	disorders 191­194	Thyrotropin 284
78­79	visual 130­137, 364	Thyrotropin-releasing hor-
transection syndromes	lesions 135­137, 394	mone (TRH) 284
80­89	see also Autonomic	Tic douloureux 165
acute 80	nervous system; Limbic	Ticlopidine 462
cervical 83	system; Parasympa-	Tinnitus 184
lumbar 83	thetic nervous system;	Tongue 205, 206
progressive 80	Sympathetic nervous	paralysis 206­207
thoracic 83	system	Tonotopy 381
vascular 89­91, 489­		Torcular Herophili 437
492	T	Tract
Steele-Richardson-		bulbothalamic 44
Olszewski 342		cerebello-olivary 248
subclavian steal 223­	Tabes dorsalis 72	cerebelloreticular 248
226	Tapetum 336	corticomesencephalic 59­
tethered cord 303	Taste buds 174	61
thalamic 270­272	Tectum 120, 217	corticonuclear (corti-
vascular 272, 468­470	Tegmentum	cobulbar) 56, 57, 59­61,
thoracic outlet 102, 103	midbrain 217­219	169, 212­214
vagus nerve lesion 198	pons 215, 216	corticopontine 60, 247,
vascular 223, 272	Tela choroidea 262	250, 254
brainstem 116	Teleceptors 18	corticopontocerebellar 61,
cerebellar 470­473	Telencephalon 13­14, 350­	215
cerebral hemispheres	351	corticospinal 46, 56­60,
463­468	see also Cerebrum	62, 212­214, 250
spinal cord 89­91, 489­	Temperature perception	anterior 49, 59, 60, 62­
492	372	63
thalamic 272, 468­470	Temperature regulation 282	lateral 49, 59, 60, 62­
Weber 66, 235, 237	disturbances 282	63, 440
Wernicke-Korsakoff 324	Tentorium cerebelli 240,	lesions 74­75, 76
Synkinesias 172	404	cuneocerebellar 253
α-Synuclein 341	Tethered cord syndrome	dentatorubral 247, 250
Syringes 74	303	dentatothalamic 247, 250,
Syringobulbia 74	Thalamic hand 468	265
Syringomyelia 72, 74	Thalamus 18, 42, 173, 260­	dentatothalamocortical
System	272, 333­334, 338	254
adrenergic 291	blood supply 431	dorsolateral 49
cholinergic 291	functions 269­270	fastigiobulbar 245, 248
craniosacral 289	lesions 270­272, 468­470,	frontopontine 58, 62
endocrine, regulation	478	frontothalamic 58
284­286	infarction 324, 326­	habenulo-interpeduncu-
extrapyramidal 330­331	327, 469­470	lar 129
motor 56­69	nuclei 263­269	Lissauer’s 49

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516 · Index

Tract	temporopontine 58	intramedullary 91
mamillotegmental 278	thalamocingulate 314	see also specific tumors
mamillothalamic (of Vicq	thalamocortical 44, 47,	Tympanum 176­177
d’Azyr) 262, 268, 278­	48, 247, 250
279, 314­315	trigeminal, lesions 53	U
mesencephalic 218	trigeminothalamic
occipitomesencephalic 62	dorsal 216
olfactory 128­130	ventral 216	Ultrasonography 450, 452
olivocerebellar 247, 248,	tuberohypophyseal 278	cardiac 450
250, 254	vestibulospinal 49, 61­63,	Uncinate process 93, 94
olivospinal 49, 62­63	247, 252	Uncus 129, 357
optic 120, 131­137, 262	lateral 147	Urinary incontinence 302,
lesions 136	Tractus	304, 412, 466
parietotemporopontine	retroflexus 278	stress 304
62	solitarius 121, 123, 173	urge 302
pontocerebellar 247, 248	Transient ischemic attack	Urinary urgency 301, 302
pyramidal 56­59, 60, 372	(TIA) 443­444	Urokinase 454
lesions 65­67, 76­78,	Tremor	Utricle 176, 185
79	action 255	Utriculus 175, 176
signs 64	intention 255, 468
reticulospinal 49, 61­63,	resting 342, 468	V
247, 252, 253	Triangle
lateral 221­222	hypoglossal 117
ventral 221­222	of Guillain and Mollaret	Vagal system 194­204
rubroreticular 218, 253	249, 250	Vasa nervorum 22
rubrospinal 49, 61­63,	vagal 117	Vasoconstriction 298­299
213, 214, 218, 247, 253	Trigeminal neuralgia 165­	Vasodilatation 298­299
semilunar 49	166, 472­473	Horner syndrome 159,
spino-olivary 40, 49, 247	idiopathic 165	294
spinocerebellar	Trigone	Vasopressin see Antidiuretic
anterior 40­43, 49, 210,	collateral 407	hormone (ADH)
247, 249, 253	olfactory 128	Vasospasm 485­487
lesions 76­78, 79	Trömner reflex 96	Vater-Pacini corpuscles 19,
posterior 39­43, 49,	Trunk	20, 21, 44
210, 247, 248, 253	brachiocephalic 420, 441	Vein(s) 418, 435­438
spinotectal 40, 49, 208	costocervical 441	anastomotic
spinothalamic 216, 218	thyrocervical 441	inferior (of Labbé) 435,
anterior 40, 42, 43, 47,	Tube, auditory (eustachian)	436
49, 208, 440	176	superior (of Trolard)
lesions 47, 53	Tuber cinereum 261	435, 436
lateral 40, 42, 43, 46,	Tubercle	basal (of Rosenthal) 436,
47­49, 208, 440	cuneate 117	437
central continuation	facial 117	basivertebral 442
48	gracile 117	central, posterior 442
lesions 48, 53	Tuberculum cinereum 119	cerebral
spinovestibular 49	Tufted cells 128	anterior 436, 437
supraoptico-hypophyseal	Tumors, spinal cord 89­91	great (of Galen) 336,
278, 279­280	dumbbell (hourglass)	436, 437
tectocerebellar 249	tumors 91	inferior 436
tectospinal 61­63, 214	extradural 89	internal 436, 437
tegmental, central 62,	intradural	middle
247, 250	extramedullary 89­90	deep 437

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		Index · 517
superficial 435, 436	lesions 254	disturbances 283
superior	Vertigo 190, 191­192, 480	Weber syndrome 66, 235,
dorsal 435, 436	benign paroxysmal posi-	237
medial 436	tioning (BPPV) 192	Weber test 183
thromboses 473­476	central positional 193	Wernicke aphasia 38, 389,
cortical 435	proprioceptive 192	392­393
intervertebral 442	rotatory 193	Wernicke-Korsakoff syn-
jugular, internal 438	Vestibular system 185	drome 324
occipital, internal 436	disorders 191­194	Wernicke’s area 387­388
of septal pellucidum 436	Vestibulocerebellum 240,	infarction 392­393
radicular	241	White matter
anterior 442	function 252	cerebral 59, 365­369, 446
posterior 442	lesions 252­253	spinal cord 70
spinal	Vestibulum 176	White stripe of Gennari
anterior 442	Virchow-Robin space 406	132­134, 359, 380
posterior 442	Visceroceptors 18	Wilson disease 340, 347­
posterolateral 442	Visual field defects 131, 135	348
striate 437	Visual system 130­137, 364	Window
sulcal 442	lesions 135­137	oval 176
sulcocommissural 442	disconnection 394	round 176
thalamostriate 336, 436	somatotopic organization	Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
vertebral 442	134­135	397­399
Venous outflow obstruction	Vitamin B12 deficiency 72,	Word Fluency Test 399
473­477, 479	74­75	Wrist drop 107
acute 473­476	Vomiting 222
chronic 476­477		Z
Ventricle	W
fourth 14, 241, 242, 406,
407		Zona incerta 262, 273­274
lateral 334­335, 406, 407	Wallenberg syndrome 227­	Zone(s)
third 14, 261, 406, 407	229, 470	marginal 352
Vermis, cerebellar 41, 240­	Wallerian degeneration 106	of Head 307, 308
242	Water balance 283

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