Разделение изотопов урана

B * ' " ' #$% > 235U > , # # % F >' # (F ) (Separative Work Units – SWU,- " « »). F > – ".

B * #$# % '' # F ( F ) " . (1 F =1000 F .) F > ' # – P > , 235U, % ' " * , " , ' 235U " *, # . F > F (SWU) + ' , # + ' + " * . G '$ 235U " * ', '$ F + + " * . F , " ' - , % j P " , P - .

A , ># # (F ) % " , < % ,#$ > 235U # - .

F > ' # (F ) + :

	V ( ) (1 2 ) ln	1	,	(92)
	M p V ( p ) Mt V ( t ) M f V ( f ) , [ "]			(93)

' + > ' " -> ' #. D *'%(90) (91) :

M f

p

t

M p

(94)

f

t

, M p

235 p M p ,

" :

M

235

p

t

M f

p

(95)

f

t

p

# " " * p t , p t p , - '

121

M f		1		M p		235	(96)
	f
		t
F $f =0,0071 $t=0,002, M f		200M p			235 .
> F , "							1 "
90 % " * . = " ,			$t=0,002; Mp=1 ",				Mf=180 ",
Mt=179 ".
"

Vt(0,002)=(1-0,004)·ln((1-0,002)/0,002)¤6,2;

Vf(0,007)=(1-0,014)·ln((1-0,007)/0,007)¤4,88; Vp(0,9)=(1-1,8)·ln((1-0,9)/0,9)¤0,42.

' F =230 "." # -' 1000 1200 F .

# # " " * "-$ ' ' % P " . # " << # , ,

2400 2500 -/F , "	" " # > < + # -
% ' 50	60 - P P " F .

" # ' " # # *- '% 1000 " P P " , ' %* " * #, 100000 120000 j " " * % F /" . F # " * #" << , " > - " * $ # 3 4 % j P P " , " "# . D " #, # " * "# " " # > < " , " - > " * $ # 0,1 % j P P " , "-" " .

= " F + % ' " * .

I	" , +-
# " * " . F
	"	+ '	+
" * ,		+ 235U,
. "			-

* ' '$ 235U, % '.

. 5 < > ( - # " " " * %), # % -" " A " " 235U, %* 0,2 % 0,3 % [47].

122

> 5. & # " " " * "

		" " # " * "
	U-235		%@* B ;=F#++,/ E =+			,' * B ;=F#++,/ E =+
	B#-+#+-		( )			( )
	+ > A$*#,		= #	"		= #	"
	%			" * %			" * %
	0,3		8,2 "	4,5 F		219 "	193 F
	0,2		6,7 "	5,7 F		176 "	228 F

A – , + * 3,6 % 235U, # ' " - . – , + * 90 % 235U, # ' " + .

D " , # j " F > " * % +" * , # $, " " " * % " , '># " ' # " -« # » '$ U-235 # ( ',#" ' ' '$ " '$ F ). D " #, # + " " " *- %, " '># # # . " # " ' #, P , DLE (P 60 " ), 10,6 13,1 " , + 11600 13700 F" * . # $#" + + " '$. # 20 25 " .

F " " * # ' ' " * # ( + * 3,6 % 235U), 1 " # " * "$' 70 78 F 26 27 " " * . I ,, " P #, - $ E , + " ' " 1,6 # A , . . '$ * " A , " + " " + " " * '% 1000 B . , " j - " " * % , " + " , " * " (0,711 % 235U) A (3,6 % 235U). = P ' " j " " * A ' -

123

" (90 % 235U), . 32 [47]. = P -# - " * " , + ' ,

" * ( , " < ), " ' - # * " # " # " *- " , " " + . I# # $" " " - * P " .

. 32. % % | Y, " 0 " % | % %

2. B ;=$%$# ?+,# @=-,

A " * -235U > ' # " ' # .

# + - > " -" + ( AK ) – DL , , , ? > – ' # " * % , # " - ' ' ( ' % ) + " # " *Š " ( ). " , P "-% $ # " ' # -" * " (A ), "#$# # . = # " , * ' ' # " ' # ,

124

#$# # . D *-*Š , # ' " " * . A # # % ' - " ' " > # > . = , " , # + , AK , ' #, " " # > . - , _+ < + + *'% " * " , " # . D " #, ! ! ' # # -

-239. D ,	'$ "
+ . + , P *Š
" * % .
! < > +	# " ' # -
#	. 6 ( #

# < > ' # [34, 48]). # " > , * ' " * , * -. > + '" . " # % #: " , $ -" + ( , ? > , , , DL ); %* # > , $ "" + (! , ! ', = );# + %* # + (! , ! , D

),	+ #, #	# # # % -
	#	> ( " , ,

, C , K , A #, _+ < , _+ - ).

> 6. " ' #

# : 2009 ".

			* / A-
	-	= > / B $	' * ' (
	j		F
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		S =+G% , ''% , # %* B %$=+% ,
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		125

		#	2005 ". / 500 F /" . A -
			%* P '
			* .
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			– %* 1997 "., -
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			B C I / 500 F /" .
	1	C << / M #	# .
	1	CRISLA	# .
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		S =+G%
			Eurodif (Georges Besse) – ,
			%* 1979 ". / 10800
	2	C << / = #$#	F /" .
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			> / 0 F /"
			# B C I.
	1	Q < " / = #$ -	& / 7 500
		#	F /" .
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	1		F /" . – # B-
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			# 2003 ". / 0
			F /" – # B-
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		AVLIS-) / M #
			+ / 0
			F /" – # B-
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			IE , A ' – & ,
			%* 1949 ".
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	4	Q < " / = #$ -	%* 1950 ".
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			%* 1954 ".
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			%* 1964 ".
		# %* B %$=+%
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		#	1972 ". / 4000 F /" .
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	3	C << / = #$#
			1954 "., # -
		126

			1970- "". / 11300
			F /" .
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			# 1970-
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			/ 7400
			F /" .
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			1945 "., # 1985 ".
			=
			2010 ". / 3500 F /" .
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		#	2011 ". / 3000 F /" .
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			( -
			$ ).
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			# 1999 ".
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	1		". / 0 F /" #
			B C I.
		-# +,# -# D= ,, +# A-A%'= J%#		:
		+-% , @ =% ?, =*%'$=+
		+-%
			1990 ". /
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	2		" -
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			.
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			.
		@ =% ?
	1	M " > < " /	# .
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		=*%'$=+	Kahuta – & 1984
		Q < " / = #$ -	". / 5 F /" ( *
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			%* .
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			.
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		127

'E-= '$=, A-@ # =#>,# A = %$# ?'$> += %&%%-# + ; ED% : =+, =* % # # += #

		=+
	1	Q < " / = #$ -	FEP – &
		#	2005 ". / 250 F /" .
	1	Q < " / = #$ -	FFEP – & + '
		#	' 2010 ".
	1	Q < " / # # -	PFEP – "			2003
			". / * ' .
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	1	#	> -
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	2		#	* #
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			F /" .
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	1		> -
		/ M #
			$ / 0 F /" .
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			> -
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			$ EMIS,		+
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			+ # B C I. / 0 F /" .
		# # += #
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		' #
	2	= "	# .
	1	M # -	# .
		- '
	1	= " # # " -	# .
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128

E;%# ; 'E-= '$=, 'EF#'$QF%# A >,J #++,# % % %'' #-=$# ?'*%# A ; =>>,: ;#+$%+=, '$= % , =@% % , # >=+% , A +% , %-# =+-,, ]D+= H %*=, ]D+= #

;#+$%+=

			A ' 1983 "., -
	1	C << / # #	1990 ". / 20
			F /" .
			D * (-
	1	C << / = #$#	'
			1997 ".) / 100
			F /" .
		'$= %	D * # # ,
	1	M # (SILEX) / M #	+ DL / 0
			F /" # B C I.
		=@% %
	1	Q < " / M #	1992 ". / 5
			F /" .
			1998 ". / 4
	2	Q < " / # -	F /" . " < >-
			1982 " ./ * '
			.
		Q < " / = #$ -	D * / 120 F /" (
	1		* ' -
		#
			200 F /" ).
	1	M # (AVLIS) / M #	1981 ". / 0 F /"
			# B C I.
			1979
			"., # 1989 "., #
	2	? / # #	P > / 0 F /"
			# B C I.
			" # .
	1	Q < "	= " / * '
			.
		# >=+%
	1	Q < " / = #$ -	Urenco Deutschland – & -
		#	1985 ". / 1800 F /" .
	1	Q < " / M #	1964 ". / 0
			F /" .
	1	? / # #	# P > .
		A +%
		Q < " / = #$ -	Rokkasho Uranium Enrichment
	1		Plant – & 1992 "./
		#
			1050 F /" .
		129

		Q < " / # # -	# 1989 ".,
	2		" – 1979 "., # #
			2004 ". % .
	1	E " * / # #	1986 "., #
			1991 ".
			1991, # 2003
	1	M # (MLIS) / M #	". / 0 F /" #
			B C I.
			1987 "., #
	1	M # (AVLIS) / M #	2005 ". / 0 F /" #
			B C I.
		%-# =+-,
	1	Q < " / = #$ -	Urenco Nederland – & -
		#	1973 ". / 3500 F /" .
		]D+= H %*=	1995 "., #
	1	M # (MLIS) / # #
			1998 ".
			1978 "., #
	1	? / # #	1990 "., + # P-
			> .
			1986 "., #
	1	D ' / = #$#	1996 "., + # P-
			> .
		]D+= #
			I # '
	1	M # (AVLIS) / M #	2000 ". / * '
			.

! # . 6 , #$ " ** ' > < + " .

130