- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units of grammar and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •2. Main grammatical notions. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition
- •3.Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form- building. Synthetic and analytical forms
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7.The noun. The category of number
- •8. The noun. The category of case
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination
- •In english
- •10. The adjective. The category of degrees of comparison
- •1. Meaning:
- •2. Combinability with:
- •3.Syntactic Functions:
- •4.Morphological structure.
- •11. The category of tense. Posteriority
- •2 Main approaches:
- •12. The category of order/correlation/ phase/priority..
- •13. The category of aspect
- •14. The category of voice
- •15. The category of mood
9. The noun. The category of article determination
Noun as a part of speech:
Semantic – a part of speech which categorial meaning is thingness
Formal – a) form-building – the category of number, the category of case, the category of gender, the category of article determination
b) derivational – typical word-building patterns: suffixation, compounding, convertion (to walk – a walk)
3) Functional – a) combinability: left-hand prepositional combinability with another N/V/Adj./Adv. [+ prep.Noun],casal combinability [N's+N]( .: the speech of the President — the President's speech), contact comb-ty [N+N]- stone-wall constructions, take an intermediary position between compound nouns and noun phrases (stone wall, car roof, speech sound), comb-ty with articles and other determiners [art./det. + N]
b) Syntactic functions – subject, object, other functions are less typical
Nouns fall into several subclasses which differ as to their semantic and grammatical properties: common — proper, concrete — abstract, countable — uncountable (count — non-count, count — mass), animate — inanimate, personal — non-personal (human — non-human).
Lexico- semantic variants of nouns may belong to different subclasses: paper — a paper, etc.
The class of nouns can be described as a lexico-grammatical field. Nouns denoting things constitute the centre (nucleus) of the field. Nouns denoting processes, qualities, abstract notions (predicate nouns) are marginal, peripheral elements of the field.
Nucleus and periphery are distinguished on the basis of lexico-semantic properties and morph. characteristics – subclasses of Nouns
The nucleus -> common- concrete-countable- animate Nouns
The periphery -> abstract – material- uncountable Nouns
The category of article determination
Many scholars recognize the category of definiteness/indefiniteness (article determination).
The meaning of definiteness or indefiniteness is expressed differently in different languages: in russian it is expressed lexically, syntactically (word order) and morphologically ( case forms of some nouns)
Lexically:
Definiteness: demonstrative pronouns (это,то) I have read this book. + the particle то (coll.) Книга-то хорошая? – Is the book good?
Indefiniteness: indef. pronouns Какой-то человек напомнил мне.. A man reminded me of…; the numeral один Живет тут один человек – There lives a man over there.
Syntactically: Word order
В комнату вошел мальчик <какой-то>
Мальчик вошел.. <знаем,какой>
A boy entered the room.
The boy entered the room.
Morphologically: case forms
Дай мне сахар; тот, что стоит на столе (в шкафу)
Дай мне сахару <сколько-то ,некоторое количество>
Give me the sugar.
Give me some sugar.
In some languages it is expressed as a special grammatical category and the article is spelled in one word with the noun ( the way a true inflexion does)
Bulgarian Море – морето
Romanian univers – universal
Swedish hus – huset