COMPUTER ELEMENTARY final 1

			random access memory
			read only memory
			memory capacity
			memory management
			memory shortage
			to access memory
			to be out of memory
hard disk	жесткийдиск		hard disk memory
			hard disk size
			hard disk speed
			an external hard disk
			a built-in/ integrated hard disk
			hard disk back-up
			hard disk carrier
			hard disk drive
			hard disk formatting
			hard disk installation
			to read a hard disk
to complicate	затруднять,осложнять,
	усложнять
application	приложение,прикладная		active application
	программа		application window
			network application
			web application
			mobile application
to run	работать(системе)		to run at speed of…
			to run into
to keep	держать,удерживать,		to keep smth unchanged
	сохранять,хранить		to keep up with
			to keep from
			to keep running
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to corrupt	портить,искдажатьнные		to corrupt data
corruption			to corrupt hardware
to dominate	оказыватьпреобладающее		to dominate the events
	влиян,дом,иенировать		to dominate the world
	господст,упра, влятьовать
	контролировать
to stand for	расшифровываться
to figure out	вычислять
	понимать,постигать
to range	расвполагатьрядке		to range from … to …
	относитьсякчислукого(	-л. /
	чего-л.)
	колебатьсявизвестных
	пределах
to load	загружапамять( илив		load the computer
	память)		load the tape
			computing load
to retrieve	искнаходить, ,извлекать		to retrieve data/ information
accurate	верный,правильный,точный
Volatile	непостоянный,переменный	,
	временный
to format	размечать,форматировать		to format a disc
to back up	выполнятьрезервное
	копирова,выполнятьие
	резервноедублирование

Exercise 14. Identify a word or word combination from the vocabulary list by its

definition.

1.correct in all details; exact

2.the part of a computer in which data or program instructions can be stored for retrieval

3.a program or piece of software designed to fulfil a particular purpose

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4.prepare (a storage medium) to receive data

5.be in or cause to be in operation; function or cause to function

6.transfer (a program or data) into memory, or into the central processor from storage

7.to make a copy in order not to lose information if it is corrupted

8.the process of causing errors to appear in a computer program or database

9.capacity for storing information

10.to be the most important or conspicuous person or thing in

11.to be an abbreviation of or symbol for

Exercise 15. Match the words from column A with the words from column B to make word colocations. There can be more than one variant:

		A	B
	1.	volatile	a. information
	2.	capacity
	3.	hard disk	b. memory
	4.	to access	c. a computer
	5.	to corrupt
	6.	to complicate	d. a file
	7.	to run	e. an instruction
	8.	to figure out
	9.	to load	f. a task
	10.to format		g. a disk

11.to retrieve

Exercise 16. Find in the box synonyms to the words below. Explain the difference. Provide examples to illustrate the meanings of the words.

to function,		to spoil,	to control,	an instruction,		to calculate,
software,	to compute,		to ruin,	a program,		to launch,
to change,	exact,		to damage,	precise,	to rule,		unsteady
to dominate		-
		-
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to run	-
	-
to figure out	-
	-
to corrupt	-
	-
	-
	-
application	-
	-
	-
accurate	-
	-
volatile	-

Exercise 17.Choose the right word:

1.The computer accesses the (CPU/memory) any time you give it an (application/ instruction).

2.The CPU (runs/ launches) at speed of 2 GHz.

3.Close active (applications/instructions).

4.The BIOS (stands for/ figures out) basic input/output system.

5.(Download/ load/ upload) the photos into the computer. I am sure they are useful for your report.

6.RAM is (volatile/unsteady).

7.(Keep/prevent) your hard disc away from children.

8.The calculations are (accurate/ careful). I will (run/function) the program again to double check them. But I am pretty sure about the results.

9.The speed of the CPU (ranges/keeps) from 1 GHz to 4 GHz

10.(Temporary/ Temperate) memory means that the data will be kept until the

computer is (running/launching).

11.Don’t forget to (copy/ back up) the data to keep them from being

(corrupted/formatted).

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12.Before you (format/change) the disc, (back up/recover) the data.

13.I (download/ upload/ load) my photos on the Internet each week.

Exercise 18. Answer the following questions using your active vocabulary.

1.Which types of memory are volatile?

2.Which types of memory are non-volatile?

3.What will you do in case of memory shortage?

4.Why does read only memory have such a name?

5.What mobile applications do you use more often?

6.What speed does your system run at?

7.What should a person do to prevent the hardware from being damaged?

8.Can we restore data if the hard disc is corrupted?

9.When should a person back up data?

10.Why should a person back up data?

11.When should I format a disc?

12.What should a person remember if he or she wants to format the main hard disc?

13.What does BIOS stand for?

Exercise 19. Complete the gaps. Make sure that you use the correct grammatical

form.

RAM and ROM

The (1)_________________________ and data which pass through the processor must be (2) __________________________ into the main memory in order to be processed. Therefore, when the user (3)______________________ a program, the CPU looks for it on the (4)________________________ disk and transfers a copy into the (5)_______________________ chips. RAM is

(6)______________________ - that is, its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, ROM (7______________________) is non-volatile, containing (8)______________________ and routines for the basic operations of the CPU.

The BIOS (basic input/output system) uses (9)_________________________ to control communication with peripherals.

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RAM capacity can be (10)_____________________ by adding extra chips, usually contained in small (11)________________________ boards called dual in-line memory modules.

System RAM speed is controlled by bus width and bus speed. Bus width (12)____________________the number of bits that can be sent to the CPU simultaneously, and bus speed refers to the number of times a group of bits can be sent each second. A bus cycle occurs every time data travels from memory to the CPU. In reality, RAM doesn't usually (13)_________________ at optimum speed. So why wouldn't you buy the fastest, widest (14)________________________ you can get? The (15)____________________________ and width of the memory's bus should match the system's (16)____________________________. You can use memory designed to (17)________________________ at 100 MHz in a 66MHz system, but it will (18)________________________________ at the 66MHz speed of the bus so there is no advantage, and 32-bit memory won't fit on a 16-bit bus.

Even with a wide and fast bus, it still takes longer for data to get from the memory card to the (19)______________________________ than it takes for the CPU to actually (20)___________________________ the data. That's where caches come in.

“Infotech. English for computer users.” Cambridge 4th edition http://computer.howstuffworks.com/

Exercise 20. Paraphrase using your active vocabulary. Make sure that you use

the correct grammatical form.

1.A powerful person is that (1.to control) events of his or her life. Can you say the same about yourself?

2.RAM is (2. not permanent) and (3. unsteady). Different computers vary in the memory (4. capability).

3.The teacher (5. to make more difficult) the task to check the pupils’ (6. capability)

4.What web (7.programm) do you use?

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5.Keep your computer (8.working) through the night. It will surely (9.make) all calculations. Tomorrow you will check whether the calculations are (10.precise)

6.The storage (11.capability) of different computers can (12.vary) a lot.

7.I can’t (13.understand) you.

8.Never (14. make something difficult) the task. Solve the problem step by step.

9.Human beings will never allow a machine to (15.to control) the world.

10.In order to save data from being (16.to damage), I back them up each 2 weeks.

Exercise 21. Complete the gaps using the words and word combinations given

below. Make sure that you use the correct grammatical form.

Part 1

An access, to back, capacity, hard, to keep, memory, memory, to operate, RAM, to run, speed, storage

Fast, powerful CPUs need quick and easy (1)_______________________ to large amounts of data in order to maximize their (2)________________________. If the CPU cannot get to the data it needs, it literally stops and waits for it. Modern CPUs

(3)_______________________ at speeds of about 1 gigahertz can consume massive amounts of data -- potentially billions of bytes per second. The problem is that memory that can (4)_______________________ up with a 1-gigahertz CPU is extremely expensive.

Computer designers have solved the cost problem by "tiering" memory -- using expensive memory in small quantities and then (5)_______________________ it up with larger quantities of less expensive memory.

The cheapest form of read/write memory in wide use today is the

(6)_____________________________ disk. They provide large quantities of inexpensive, (7)__________________________ storage. As the

(8)_____________________________ space on a hard disk is so cheap and plentiful, it forms the final stage of a CPUs (9)________________________

hierarchy

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A computer's system (10)_______________________ alone is not fast enough to match the (11)_________________________ of the CPU. That is why you need a cache. However, the faster RAM is, the better. Most chips today (12)_____________________ with a cycle rate of 50 to 70 nanoseconds.

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/

Part 2

Backup, to format, hard disc, optical, RAM, to run, to seek, to seek, to store, a track, volatile

Magnetic storage

Magnetic devices (1)________________________ data magnetically. A disk drive spins the disk at high speed and reads its data or writes new data onto it.

Most PCs have one internal (2)_________________________

_____________________, usually called C: drive, which can hold several gigabytes of data. It's used to keep the operating system, the programs and the user's files easily available for use.

When you (3)_____________________ a disk, or prepare it for use, its surface is divided into concentric circles called tracks. Each track is further divided into a number of sectors. The computer remembers where information is stored by noting the track and sector numbers in a directory.

The average time required for the read/write heads to move and find data is called

(4)_________________________ time; it is measured in milliseconds (ms). Don't confuse '(5)_______________________ time' with 'transfer rate', the rate of transmission of data from the disk to the (6)______________________ (e.g. 15 megabytes per second).

A (7)________________________ hard drive is an external unit with the drive mechanism and the media all in one sealed case. You can use it to make a

(8)__________________________, a spare copy of your files, or to transport data between computers.

Optical drives use a laser to read and write data, so they are not affected by magnetic fields; but they are slower than hard drives. Modern DVD recorders accept all CD and DVD formats.

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CDs (compact discs) can store up to 650-700 MB of data.

DVDs (digital versatile discs) are similar in size to CDs, but they differ in structure and capacity. DVDs have more (9)__________________________ and more pits (tiny holes) per track, and can store from 4.7 GB to 17 GB of data, movies, highdefinition sound, etc., so they will probably replace CDs. DVD formats include:

Portable DVD players let you watch movies or TV, play games and listen to music, wherever you are. They usually (10)________________________ on batteries, have a widescreen (rectangular 16:9 format) LCD and support multi-format playback, allowing you access to many file formats including DVD video, JPEG pictures, MP3 music, etc.

Flash memory is solid-state, rewritable memory; it is non-

______________________________(11), so it retains data when the power is turned off. This explains its popularity in small devices.

Part 3

A bit, binary, a byte, a byte, capacity, a device, an operation

Bytes and bits

Computers do all (1) _____________________ using a code made of just two numbers – 0 and 1 .This system is called binary code. The electronic

(2)______________________ in a digital computer detect the difference between two states: ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current doesn't pass through) and represent these states as 1 or 0. Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit, or

(3)__________________________.

Bits are grouped into eight-digit codes that typically represent characters (letters, numbers and symbols). Eight bits together are called a

(4)________________________. Thus, each character on a keyboard has its own arrangement of eight bits. For example, 01000001 for the letter A, 01000010 for B, and 01000011 for С. Computers use a standard code for the

(5)_____________________ representation of characters. This is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, or ASCII - pronounced /'aeski/. In order to avoid complex calculations of (6)___________________________, we use bigger units such as kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes.

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We use these units to describe the RAM memory, the storage

(7)______________________ of disks and the size of a program or document.

“Infotech. English for computer users.” Cambridge 4th edition

Exercise 22. Translate the words or word combinations in italics using your

active vocabulary.

Although (1.память) is technically any form of electronic (2.хранение), it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of (3.хранение). If your computer's

(4.ЦПУ) had to constantly (5.получать доступ) the hard drive to (6.извлекать) every piece of data it needs, it would (7.работать) very slowly. When the information is (8.храниться) in memory, the (9.процессор) can access it much more quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to (10.хранить) data temporarily.

As you can see in the diagram above, the CPU (11.обращаться) memory according to a distinct hierarchy. Whether it comes from permanent (12.место хранения) (the hard drive) or input (the keyboard), most data goes in (13.оперативная память) first. The CPU then (14.хранить) pieces of data it will need to access, often in a cache, and maintains certain special instructions in the register. We'll talk about cache and registers later.

All of the (15.компоненты) in your computer, such as the CPU, the hard drive and the operating system, work together as a team, and memory is one of the most essential parts of this team. From the moment you turn your computer on until the time you shut it down, your (16.процессор) is constantly using memory. Let's take a look at a typical scenario:

•You (17.включать) the computer … .

•The computer (18.загружать) data from (19.ПЗУ) and performs a poweron self-test (POST) to make sure all the major (20.компоненты) are functioning properly. As part of this test, the memory controller checks all of the memory addresses with a quick read/write operation to ensure that there are no errors in the (21.карта памяти). Read/write means that data is written to a bit and then read from that bit.

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