Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. It’s common knowledge that doing business has become very popular everywhere.

2. One of the ways in which business may be badly managed is that many new businesses are undercapitalized that is there isn’t enough money available to them.

3. He said he had received a lot of orders for our products.

4. We were mostly talking about the new model which is being produced by my firm now and Mr. Belov gave a high assessment to the model.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. One does business by producing goods or providing services.

2. It is this product that people want to buy.

3. The product sold in the market is cheaper than that of our company.

4. It is known that the goods of this firm are too expensive for Russian people.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Production of goods is very profitable, provision of different services is profitable too.

2. Doing business has become very popular everywhere.

3. Women prove to be good bank managers or shop keepers, don’t they?

4. One of the difficulties I was faced with was lack of money, and I had to borrow it from the bank.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обра­щая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The good consumer will buy at high price is the good of high quality.

2. One can change the quantity of goods people wish to buy using price politics.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обра­щая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Firms decrease a price of goods to increase demand for these goods.

2. It’s important for the firm to know what goods the consumer wants to buy.

3. Their decision to improve the equipment resulted in high profits.

4. To increase taxes means to increase the prices of the goods.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й и 2-й абзацы.

Fiscal policy

1. Fiscal policy is an instrument of demand management which is used to influence the level of economic activity in an economy through the control of taxation and government expenditure.

2. The government can use a number of taxation measures to control aggregate demand or spending: direct taxes on individuals (income tax) and companies (corporation tax) can be increased if spending has to be reduced, for example, to control inflation. Spending can also be reduced by increasing indirect taxes: an increase in the VAT on all products or excise duties on particular products such as petrol and cigarettes will result in lower purchasing power.

3. The government can change its own expenditure to affect spending levels as well: a cut in purchases of products or capital investment by the government can reduce total spending in the economy. If the government is to increase spending, it creates a budget deficit, reducing taxation and increasing its expenditure.

4. A decrease in government spending and an increase in taxes reduce aggregate demand to avoid inflation. By contrast, an increase in government spending and/ or decrease in taxes (an injection into the circular flow of national income) stimulates aggregate demand and creates additional jobs to avoid unemployment.

Прочитайте 4 абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Выберите из перечисленных ниже предложений правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

How can aggregate demand be reduced?

1. Government can decrease spending to reduce aggregate demand.

2. Government is to increase taxes and decrease spending to decrease aggregate demand.

3. In order to increase aggregate demand government can increase spending and reduce taxes.