angls

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ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Складіть речення із словосполучень:

bowl, to contain, float, needle valve, to prevent, to maintain, to flow, amount, venturi, pass, to pass, below, air horn, to control.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Визначте ступені порівняння прикметників:

lower, smallest, larger, most important, more, easier, less.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Зробіть лексико-граматичний аналіз речень:

1.The amount of gasoline drawn out is controlled by the speed of the air rushing through the air horn.

2.A metering rod partly blocks this opening so that an excessive amount of gasoline will not flow.

ЗАВДАННЯ 5

Перекладіть на англійську мову:

Коли рівень бензину в камері падає, голчатий клапан відкривається і подається додаткова кількість бензину. Таким чином, постійно підтримується необхідний рівень бензину в камері.

	UNIT 5
Слова та вирази для запам`ятовування:
cooling agent	охолоджуюча рідина
oil pan	поддон картера, масляне корито
clearance	зазор
journal	шийка

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ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM

TEXT A

PURPOSE OF ENGINE LUBRICATION

We normally think of lubricating oil as a substance that makes possible minimum wear or low frictional loss between adjacent moving surfaces. However, the lubricating oil circulating through the engine to all moving parts requiring lubrication performs other jobs. The lubricating oil must

1.Lubricate moving parts to minimize wear.

2.Lubricate moving parts to minimize power loss from friction.

3.Remove heat from engine parts by acting as a cooling agent.

4.Absorb shocks between bearings and other engine parts, thus reducing engine noise and extending engine life.

5.Form a good seal between piston rings and cylinder walls.

MINIMIZING WEAR AND POWER LOSS FROM FRICTION

The type of friction encountered in the engine is normally viscous friction1, that is, the friction between adjacent moving layers of oil. If the

lubrication system does not function properly, sufficient oil will not be supplied to moving parts, and greasy or even dry friction2 will result between moving surfaces. This would cause3, at least4, considerable power loss, since power would be used in overcoming these types of friction. At the worst, major damage would occur to engine parts as greasy or dry friction developed. Bearings would wear with extreme rapidity; the heat resulting from dry or greasy friction would cause bearing disintegration and failure so that connecting rods and other parts would be broken. Insufficient lubrication of cylinder walls would cause rapid wear and scoring of walls, rings, and pistons. A properly operating engine lubrication system supplies all moving parts with sufficient oil so that only viscous friction is obtained.

REMOVING HEAT FROM ENGINE PARTS

The engine oil is in rapid circulation throughout the engine lubrication system. All bearings and moving parts are bathed5 in constant streams of oil. In addition to6 providing lubrication, the oil absorbs heat from engine parts and carries it back into the oil pan. The oil pan in its turn absorbs heat from the oil, transferring it to the surrounding air. The oil thus acts as a cooling agent.

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ABSORBING SHOCKS BETWEEN BEARINGS AND OTHER

ENGINE PARTS

As the piston approaches the end of the compression stroke and the mixture in the cylinder is ignited, pressure in the cylinder suddenly increases several times. A load of as much as7 a ton and a half is suddenly imposed on the top of a 3-inch piston as combustion takes place. This sudden increase in pressure causes the piston to thrust down hard through the piston -pin bearing, connecting rod, and connecting-rod bearing. There is always some space or clearance between bearings and journals; this space is filled with oil. When the load suddenly increases as described above8, the layers of oil between bearings and journals must act as9 cushions, resisting penetration or "squeezing out10", and must continue to interpose a film of oil between the adjacent metal surfaces. In thus absorbing and cushioning the hammer-like effect of the suddenly imposed loads the oil quiets11 the engine and reduces wear of parts.

FORMING A SEAL BETWEEN PISTON RINGS AND CYLINDER

WALLS

Piston rings must form a gaslight seal with the cylinder walls, and the lubricating oil that is delivered to the cylinder walls helps the piston rings accomplish this. The oil film on the cylinder walls compensates for microscopic irregularities in the fit between the rings and walls and fills in any gaps through which gas might escape. The oil film also provides lubrication of the rings so that they can move easily in the piston ring grooves and on the cylinder walls.

PROPERTIES OF OIL

A satisfactory engine lubricating oil must have certain characteristics. It must have (1) proper body and fluidity, or viscosity, (2) resistance to carbon formation, and (3) resistance to oxidation.

		ПРИМІТКИ
1.	viscous friction –	внутрішнє тертя
2.	greasy friction -	змащувальне тертя
3.	would – в значенні припущення перекладається з часткою би
	"This would cause, at leat…” – “Це викличе по меншій мірі…”
4.	are bathed -	(тут) омиваються

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5.	in addition to -	крім
6.	as much as –	скільки

7.as described above – як описано вище

8.	as –	має різні значення: так як; поскільки; в якості;
		по мірі того, як; в той час, як
9.	squeezing out -	видавлювання
10.	quiets –	забеспечувати плавну та безшумну роботу

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1.What job does the lubricating oil perform circulating through the engine?

2.What types of friction are encountered in the engine?

3.What is viscous friction?

4.In what way does the oil reduce the wear of engine parts?

5.How does the oil act as a cooling agent?

6.In what way does the oil form a seal between piston rings and cylinder walls?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Складіть речення із словосполучень:

to lubricate-lubricant-lubrication, to reduce, decrease, increase, friction, require, absorb, supply, sufficient, insufficient, to overcome, wear, stream, provide, shock, to cause - the cause, pressure - to press, to resist - resistance.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Перекладіть на українську мову:

however, that is, at least, at the worst, in addition to, thus, as much as, in turn, to take place, as described above.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Зробіть лексико-граматичний аналіз речення:

If the lubrication system does not function properly, sufficient oil will not be supplied to moving parts, and greasy or even dry friction will result between moving surfaces.

ЗАВДАННЯ 5

35

Перекладіть на англійську мову:

1.Всі підшипники і рухливі частини омиваються постійним струменем масла.

2.Масло швидко циркулює по всій системі змазки.

TEXT B

LUBRICATION SYSTEM

Since there are many moving parts within the engine, a system by which oil is constantly supplied to these parts is necessary to prevent excessive wear1. The lubrication system may be of several types, that splash2 or force3 oil onto all sliding or rolling metal surfaces. The full pressure system of oiling the crank, the connecting rod, bearings, piston pins, camshaft, etc, has holes which are drilled through the crankshaft and connecting rod and a system of oil is forced through these holes by the oil pump.

The oil is fed onto the bearing surfaces and is thrown out on a spray that effectively covers the cylinder walls. In addition the oil is forced through drilled leads to the camshaft bearings and valve mechanisms. The oil drains off4 the various engine parts into the oil pan in the bottom of the engine. The oil pump continually forces the oil back through the oil passages and recirculates it through the engine.

The oil forms a protective film or coating that clings to the surface of the metal and prevents direct metal-to-metal5 contact. The sliding parts are

in effect, floating on films of oil. Modern lubrication systems on motive engines provide adequate oil to all moving parts.

In addition to providing lubrication, the oil also carries away from moving parts some of the heat that the engine creates in operation. The heat is transferred to the oil pan and from there to the surrounding air.

		ПРИМІТКИ
1.	to prevent excessive wear – щоб запобігти надмірному зносу
2.	splash lubrication –	змазування розбрискуванням
3.	force lubrication –	змазування під тиском
4.	to drain off –	стікати, випускати, зливати
5.	metal-to-metal contact – контакт металевих поверхонь

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

36

1.What is the purpose of the lubrication system?

2.What types of lubrication system are used?

3.What is the purpose of the oil pump?

4.What is the purpose of the ignition system?

5.What does the high-voltage spark ignite?

6.Why is it necessary to ignite the mixture?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Прочитайте слідуючі речення з інфінітивом та з інфінітивом + модальні дієслова, перекладіть їх, звернувши увагу на їхні форми і функції:

1.The amount of work to be required is to be defined beforehand.

2.To increase the speed of cars is a complicated problem.

3.Much remains to be done to meet these requirements.

4.Energy may be transported by many different ways.

5.Care must be taken to avoid overheating the detail.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Зробіть лексико-граматичний аналіз речення:

Since there are many moving parts within the engine, a system by which oil is constantly supplied to these parts is necessary to prevent excessive wear.

		ЗАВДАННЯ 4
Дайте	українські	еквіваленти	слідуючим	англійським
словосполученням:
relief valves		головна масляна магістраль
oil pump		редукційні клапани
oil piping		запобіжний клапан
engine crankcase		масляний насос
oil main		картер двигуна
safety valve		маслопровід

ЗАВДАННЯ 5

Розкажіть про систему змазування двигуна, використовуючи малюнок та слідуючі дієслова:

37

to supply, to prevent, to force, to form, to provide, to transfer

SCHEME OF ENGINE LUBRICATION

1. oil radiator –

масляний радіатор

2.radiator switching cock – кран включення радіатора

3.	safety valve –	запобіжний клапан
4.	centrifuge –	центрифуга
5.	rocker axis –	вісь коромисел
6.	oil main –	головна масляна магістраль

7.top oil pump section – верхня секція масляного насоса

8.bottom oil pump section – нижня сек ція масляного насоса

9.	relief valves –	редукційні клапани
10.	oil pump –	масляний насос
11.	oil section –	маслоприймач
12.	engine crankcase –	картер двигуна
13.	oil piping –	маслопровід

ЗАВДАННЯ 6

Зробіть речення із словосполучень:

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lubrication, necessary, wear, to slide, to drill, to throw, oil pump, protective film. to carry away, to create, to transfer, oil pan, ignition system, fuel system, to burn, spark plug.

TEXT C

TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEMS

Three types of lubrication system have been used. These are (a) splash, (b) pressure feed1, and (c) combination of splash, and pressure feed. The latter2 two types predominate in modern engines.

a)Splash. In the splash lubrication system, dippers on the connecting-rod

bearing caps enter oil trays in the oil pan with each crankshaft revolution. The dippers pick up3 oil for the connecting rod bearings and splash oil to the upper parts of the engine. The oil is thrown up as droplets and fine mist and provides adequate lubrication to valve mechanisms, piston pins , cylinder walls, and piston rings.

b)Pressure Feed. In the pressure-feed lubrication system the oil is forced by the oil pump through holes drilled in the crankshaft and connecting rods to the connecting rod and piston-pin bearings. Valve mechanisms are lubricated by suitable oil channels in the cylinder block or by oil lines. On many applications the camshaft is also drilled so that oil can feed through to the valve mechanisms. Cylinder walls are lubricated by oil thrown off from the connecting-rod and piston-pin bearings. Some

engines have oil-spit holes in the connecting rods that index with drilled holes in the crankshaft journal each revolution to throw or "spit" a stream of oil onto the cylinder walls.

c)Combination Splash and Pressure-feed System. The combination splash and pressure-feed lubrication system depends on oil splash to lubricate some engine parts and on pressure feed to lubricate other engine parts. In this engine the oil is supplied under pressure to the main bearings, camshaft bearings, and the valve mechanisms. The connecting-rod bearings are lubricated by means of dippers on the rod-bearing caps that dip into troughs in the oil pan. At high speed, oil streams are thrown up from the oil troughs through oil nozzles and these strike the dippers on the rod-bearing caps to provide adequate lubrication for the connecting-rod bearings. Cylinder walls, piston-pin bearings, and piston rings are lubricated by oil spray thrown off by the connecting rods.

	39
	ПРИМІТКИ
1. pressure feed –	система змазки під тиском
2. the latter –	останній з двох сказаних
3. to pick up –	захватувати
4. to throw up –	підкидати
5. to throw off –	збрасувати
6. to throw down –	осідати
7. to throw in –	включати, вставляти

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1.What properties must lubricating oil have?

2.What types of lubrication system have been used?

3.What types of lubrication system predominate in modern engines?

4.In what way are the piston pin bearings and the connecting rod in the pressure-feed lubrication system lubricated?

5.In what way are valve mechanisms lubricated?

6.How are cylinder walls lubricated?

7.How does the combination splash and pressure feed system act?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Дайте синоніми до слів:

job, reduce, rapid, to supply, each.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Зробіть лексико-граматичний аналіз речень:

1.In the pressure-feed lubrication system the oil is forced by the oil pump through holes drilled in the crankshaft and connecting rods to the connecting rod and piston-pin bearing.

2.At high speed, oil streams are thrown up from the oil troughs through oil nozzles and these strike the dippers on the rod-bearing caps to provide adequate lubrication for the connecting-rod bearings.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Перекладіть на англійську мову:

1. Черпачки захватують масло для шатунних підшипників і розбризкують масло на верхні частини двигуна.

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2. Стінки циліндра змазуються маслом, зброшеним з шатунних та поршневих підшипників.

	UNIT 6
Слова та вирази для запам`ятовування:
means	засіб
thermal efficiency	термічний ККД
water jacket	водяна рубашка
assemble	збирати, монтувати
complete	завершувати, укомплектовувати
outlet and inlet unions	відвідний і підвідний патрубки
engine fan	вентилятор двигуна
bottom tank	нижній бачок
metal shell	металевий корпус
gasket	прокладка

COOLING SYSTEM

TEXT A

PURPOSE OF ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM

During the combustion of the fuel-air mixture in the engine cylinders, temperatures as high as 4500°F. may be obtained. A considerable part of this heat is absorbed by the. cylinder walls, cylinder head, and pistons, and they in turn must be provided with some means of

cooling so that their temperatures will not reach excessive values. Cylinderwall temperatures must not increase beyond about 400°F. Temperatures higher than this will cause the lubricating oil film to break down and lose its lubricating properties. It is desirable to operate the engine at temperatures as close to the limits imposed by oil properties as possible. Removing too much heat through the cylinder walls and head lowers engine thermal efficiency. Cooling systems are designed to remove about 30 to 35 per cent of the heat liberated in the combustion chamber by the combustion process. In addition, since the engine is quite inefficient when cold, the cooling system usually includes devices that prevent normal cooling action during engine warm-up. This allows the working parts more