angls

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ПРИМІТКИ

1. contact breaker – контактний переривач

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1)How do we get high-voltage electricity from a car battery?

2)What is the purpose of a contact breaker?

3)What causes a spark and how does it get to the sparking plug?

4)How does high-voltage electricity get to the proper sparking plug?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Дайте українські еквіваленти:

Cooling fan, ignition switch, firing sequence, one after the other, primary coil, electrical pressure, to store electricity, secondary coil, to cause a strong flow, to recharge the battery, to break the flow of electricity.

PART III

THE FIRING SEQUENCE1

Explosion. Exhaust. Compression. Suction.

A car usually has four or three cylinders. It may have more. If all the cylinders fired together, the movement of the camshaft would not be smooth. So they fire quickly one after the other. The camshaft controls this firing, and the camshaft has a special shape for it. The sequence of firing in a four-cylinder engine is 1-3-4-2.

Cylinder 1 has fired. The piston is moving down. This moving is passed to the crankshaft through the connecting rod.

Cylinder 3 is compressing the air-petrol mixture.

Cylinder 4 is drawing in the air-petrol mixture from the carburetor. Cylinder 2 is pushing out the smoke and gases after the explosion. In this way a smooth movement is given to the crankshaft.

THE BATTERY AND THE DYNAMO

The battery only stores electricity. If we use too much, all the electricity will be gone. So something must put electricity back into the battery. The dynamo does it. The dynamo is a small machine that makes electricity. The crankshaft through a belt turns it. The electricity from the dynamo flows into the battery. This keeps the battery full of electricity (charged). A small instrument (the voltage regulator) stops too much electricity from flowing

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into the battery (overcharging2). So the dynamo recharges the battery when the engine is running.

THE STARTER MOTOR3

The piston turns the crankshaft. If the crankshaft is turned, the pistons will move. The coil, rotor arms, contact breaker, camshaft, sparking

plugs will begin to move. The engine will start. How do we turn the crankshaft? The starter motor does it. It is a powerful electric motor. When the starter switch is turned, electricity from the battery flows to the starter motor. Two things happen:

1)A rod on the starter motor moves forward. There is a small gear wheel on the front of this rod. It meshes with the teeth of a large wheel (the flywheel). The flywheel is fixed on the back end of the crankshaft.

2)The starter motor turns. It turns the flywheel and crankshaft. The engine starts. The gear of the starter motor moves back.

ПРИМІТКИ

1.firing sequence – послідовність запалювання

2.overcharging - перевантаження

3.starter motor – стартер, стартерний електродвигун

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1)What is the purpose of the starter motor?

2)Where does the starter motor get the electricity from?

3)What meshes with the teeth of the flywheel?

4)Where is the flywheel fixed?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Перекладіть міжнародні терміни:

Battery, electrical, volt, contact, to stop, center, rotor, starter, instrument, regulator, motor, diagram, special, condenser.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Перекладіть на українську мову:

The contact - contact breaker - the contact breaker cam;

The electricity - the electricity flow - the electricity flow control

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The car - the car speed - the car speed calculation

The flow - the flow measuring - the flow measuring instrument

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Дайте українські еквіваленти:

Special shape, the sequence of firing, the connecting rod, smoke and gases, smooth movement, voltage regulator, sparking plug.

ЗАВДАННЯ 5

Дайте англійські еквіваленти:

Циліндр, запалювати, рухатися вниз, проходити до колінвалу, за допомогою шатуна, стискати пальну рідину, карбюратор, вибух, виштовхувати гази та дим.

ЗАВДАННЯ 6

Виберіть правильний переклад слів:

Quickly - швидкість, швидкий, швидко Mixture - змішувати, змішаний, суміш Explosion - підривати, вибух, вибухівка Smoothly - рівно, рівний, рівняння.

ЗАВДАННЯ 7

Перекладіть дієслова, створені конверсією:

Flow - to flow, pump - to pump, force - to force, float - to float, valve – to-valve, tube - to tube, form - to form, throttle - to throttle, swing - to swing, gear - to gear.

TEXT B

IGNITION SYSTEM

The ignition system ignites the fuel air mixture in the combustion chambers of the engine. After the fuel system has delivered the gasoline vapor and air mixture to the engine cylinder, it is necessary to ignite this mixture so that it will burn and create pressure. The ignition system produces and supplies impulses that may reach voltages as high as 20000 volts. These are delivered to the spark plugs in the engine cylinders to produce the sparks that set off the combustion of the fuel-air mixture. There are two general systems of electric ignition: battery ignition and magneto ignition. Battery

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ignition is used in practically all cases where a storage battery is required for other purposes, as for starting the engine, for lighting etc. The source of current in the storage battery is connected through a switch to the primary winding of an induction coil or ignition coil. The other end of the primary winding of the coil is connected to the interrupter or "breaker" and through it, when the interrupter contact points are closed, to "ground", that is to the engine block and to the chassis frame.

One terminal of the battery is also grounded, hence when the circuit is closed by the breaker contacts, current from the battery flows through the switch to the primary winding of the coil, the breaker, and back to the battery through "ground".

The ignition coil has a magnetic core of very soft iron wire or sheet and two windings of insulated wire, a primary winding of a relatively small number of turns of coarse wire, and a secondary winding of a very large number of turns of very fine wire.

When the primary circuit is closed by the breaker, current begins to flow through the primary winding and magnetize the core of the coil. As the primary current and magnetic flux through the core increase, a wave of electromotive force is induced in the secondary coil, which at all times is proportional to the rate at which the magnetic flux increases.

DUAL IGNITION

Some engines are equipped with ignition systems that produce two simultaneous sparks in the same combustion chamber.

Tests indicate that slightly more power can be obtained from an engine if dual ignition is used, if charge is inflammed at opposite points of the combustion chamber at the same time, the pressure rise will be more rapid, and combustion, therefore, will be completed while the piston is nearer the beginning of the stroke, so that effective expansion ratio is greater.

Dual or two-spark ignition can be effected by means of an ordinary ignition system, if special spark plugs with insulated electrodes are used, the two plugs then being connected in series.

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1)What system of electric ignition do you know?

2)Where is battery ignition used?

3)What is the source of current connected to?

4)What is the other end of the primary winding of the coil connected to?

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5)What does the ignition coil consist of?

6)What takes place when the primary circuit is closed by the breaker?

7)Where is the wave of electromotive force induced in the secondary coil?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Дайте українські еквіваленти наступним англійським словосполученням:

Secondary winding, terminal, storage battery, interrupter, flux, core, turn.

Акумуляторна батарея, переривник, сердечник, виток, потік, затиск, вторинна обмотка.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Перекладіть на англійську мову:

Джерело струму акумуляторної батареї, первинна обмотка, переривник, заземляти, магнітний сердечник, велика кількість витків, магнітний потік, одночасний, спалахувати, ступінь розширення, може виконуватись шляхом, з'єднано послідовно.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Поставте відповідну цифру до кожного терміну, даного під малюнком, опишiть малюнок:

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1.	starter	6.	interrupter
2.	generator	7.	ignition coil
3.	storage battery	8.	distributor
4.	ignition lock	9.	plug
5.	ammeter

ЗАВДАННЯ 5

Виберiть правильну форму iнфiнiтиву:

1)The ignition system enables the engine …… and kept running. to start,

to be started, to have started,

to have been started.

2)The purpose of the sparking plug is …… the spark.

to make, to be made,

to have made,

to have been made.

3) The mixture …… was rich. to ignite,

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to be ignited, to have ignited,

to have been ignited.

TEXT C

PART I

DYNAMO AND BATTERY

Our homes and towns are supplied with electricity which is generated in great power stations. In a motor car the dynamo is the power station. It is usually driven by a belt from the front of the engine, and only works when the engine is running. When the engine is idle1, no electricity is generated. On some cars the dynamo is replaced by an alternator2 but its function is the same.

Without electricity the ignition system would not work, the car could not be started, and there will be no lights for parking or for driving the car at night. This is where the battery does a useful job. It provides a means of

storing electricity which can be used when the dynamo is not operating and it must be kept well charged.

Under normal circumstances more current is generated than is needed to keep the engine running and to operate the other electrical equipment. This extra current is used to charge3 the battery so that it will always be in good condition. The charging current is controlled by a voltage regulator4: this ensures that less charging current is generated when the battery is well charged, and that an increase in the charging current is provided when the battery becomes partly discharged. This is called "compensated voltage control".

The dynamo and starter are bolted to the engine, and this automatically "earths"5 them to the chassis.

		ПРИМIТКИ
1.	idle -	холостий (хiд)
2.	alternator –	змiнювач
3.	to charge –	заряджати
4.	voltage regulator - регулятор напруги
5.	to "earth" –	заземлювати

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ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1)What is the function of the dynamo?

2)When does the dynamo work?

3)What is the purpose of the battery?

4)What current is used to charge the battery?

5)How is the charging current controlled?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Перекладіть дієслова, створені конверсією:

Belt - to belt, front - to front, bolt - to bolt, earth - to earth.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Перекладіть на українську мову:

To supply with electricity, to be driven by a belt, to generate electricity, to be replaced by, driving at night, to keep well charged, more than is needed, to be partly discharged.

Current, light, electrical equipment, power, ignition system, sparking plug, a spark, electrodes, to ignite, fuel-air mixture, burning, expansion, combustion chamber, dynamo, battery, distributor.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Перекладіть на англійську мову:

Електростанція, корисна робота, засоби накопичення електричного струму, за нормальних обставин, підтримувати роботу двигуна, бути у доброму стані, регулятор напруги.

PART II

COIL

The purpose of the coil within the ignition system is to step up the electrical pressure (voltage) that is following from the battery to the sparking plugs. Most motor car batteries are of the 12 volt type, but as many as 7000 volts may be required to give satisfactory spark.

The coil actually consists of two coils of wire, the primary and the secondary, wound round an iron core. The primary coil is fed with low voltage electricity from the battery, and when this low voltage current is interrupted it causes a very high voltage to be "induced" in the secondary

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winding. This very high voltage is passed on to the distributor and then to the sparking plugs.

The amount of increase in voltage is in proportion to the number of windings in each coil. For instance, if the primary coil has 100 winds and the secondary coil has 1000, the voltage leaving the coil would be in the proportion 100 to 1000 or ten times the voltage entering it.

The interruption in the flow of low voltage current in the primary winding (causing a higher voltage in the secondary winding) must occur each time the fuel-air mixture in any cylinder is ready to be ignited.

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1)What is the purpose of the coil within the ignition system?

2)What does the coil actually consists of?

3)When must the interruption in the flow of low voltage current in the primary winding occur?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Перекладіть на українську мову:

To step up the electrical pressure (voltage), iron core, low voltage current, primary coil, secondary winding, to be ready, ignition, to induce.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Перекладіть на англійську мову:

1)Напруга, переривання, пропорція.

2)Задовільний, первинний, вторинний.

3)Текти з … на …, аж 7000 вольт, намотана на, струм переривається, передається на, таким чином, кількісні пропорції, поступати на, з’являтися, готовий до запалювання.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Виберіть правильний варіант:

1)When the engine (has worked, works, is working) it gets hot.

2)Some engines (are cooling, are cooled, cools) by air only, not by water.

3)Don’t get off the train until it (will stop, stops, has stopped).

4)What you (will do, will be doing, will have done) tomorrow from 5 to 7? I (will be doing, will do, will have done) small repair in my garage.

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5)When I (to hear, heard, had heard) about the accident, I (hurried, have hurried, hurry) to see him.

6)He (thanked, has thanked, was thanking) me for the made in Japan sparking plugs I (brought, was bringing, had brought) to him.

	UNIT 8
	STEERING SYSTEM
Слова та вирази для запам`ятовування:
to steer, to guide	керувати, водити
lever	ричаг
steering arm	ричаг керування
track rod	поперечна рульова тяга
pitman arm, drop arm	рульова сошка
off-side wheel	зовнішнє колесо
drag link	продольна рульова тяга
road wheel	ходове колесо
worm gear	хробачна передача
stud	шпилька, бовт, штифт

TEXT A

In order to guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels with respect to the rest of the car. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose.

The steering is the means by which a car can be guided along the road and steered in the direction the driver wishes to travel.

Each front wheel is mounted on a stub axle1, which is able to swivel on a nearly upright spindle2 called the king-pin3. Fitted to each stub axle is

a short lever known as the steering arm, the two steering arms being connected together across the front of the car by a track-rod.

Projecting from the steering box is a short lever called the drop arm4, and this can be connected to the offside wheel (the wheel on the drivers side of the car) by means of a drag-link, or directly to the rack rod.

When the driver turns the steering wheel, mechanism in the steering box causes the drop arm to move forward or backward. This movement results in movement of the steering arm and the turning of the road wheel.