III. 1. Работа над грамматикой. (60 мин.)
Времена группы Present Perfect Active.
Прочтите § 12 Раздела Времена Группы Perfect Active. Present Perfect, стр. 288-289.
-
Since и for в Present Perfect:
Используя эти слова, мы можем более точно обозначить время, в которое происходило описываемое нами действие.
Since
С since мы показываем период времени, учитывая его «отправную» точку, since + слово, обозначающее время: since last evening, since last month, since yesterday, since Monday, since 3 o’clock, since I was child.
Примеры: I’ve ridden a bicycle since I was eleven.
I’ve ridden a bicycle since I was child.
He has lived in this house from 1999.
For
Используя Present Perfect, мы можем определить период времени до настоящего момента, учитывая его длительность. Для этого нужно сочетать for + период времени: for six month, for a week, for hours, for two days.
Примеры: We have dated for two years.
We have been married for six month.
They have lived there for fifteen years.
Примечание:
Since используется исключительно в перфектных временах, а вот for может использоваться и с простым прошедшим временем.
-
Present Perfect or Past Simple:
Past Simple |
Present Perfect |
1.В предложении имеются следующие обстоятельства времени: last, ago, in 2015 и т.д. I went to the park yesterday. |
1.В предложении имеются следующие обстоятельства времени: for, since, ever, never, just, already, yet. I have never gone to the park. |
2.Действие произошло в прошлом и никак не связано с настоящим. |
2.Действие уже произошло, но в данный момент нас интересует результат. |
3.Рассказывается о целом ряде событий, которые произошли в прошлом. |
3.Речь идет о единичных событиях, а не о каких-либо последовательных действий. |
-
Функции и перевод слова That (Those).
Прочтите § 34 Учебника, стр. 312.
Задание 1. Назовите основные формы следующих глаголов:
to keep, to flow, to mean, to think, to come, to give, to have, to bind, to know
Задание 2. Найдите в каждом ряду глагол во времени Present Perfect:
-
called, has called, is calling;
-
has thought, think, is thought;
-
will have, came, comes, have come;
-
gave, have given, , will give;
-
distinguish, has distinguished, distinguishes.
Задание 3. Определите время и форму глагола-сказуемого в следующих предложениях. Предложения переведите:
-
We have just learned the general structure of the body.
-
The bones of the skull protect the brain structure from injury.
-
All the bones of the body are of different types.
-
Muscles are constantly assisting in the body movement.
-
The doctor has already examined the girl’s heart when the professor came in.
-
They have never got the books in anatomy.
Задание 4. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в Present Perfect. Составьте вопросительную и отрицательную форму предложений:
-
He _____ (to finish) training.
-
She _____ ( to score) twenty points in the match.
-
That's amazing! She _____ (to run) fifteen kilometers this morning!
-
Hurry up! They _____ (to start) the film!
-
Mary _____ (to study) hard this year, so she'll pass her exams.
-
The garden is very green. It _____ (to rain) a lot this month.
-
Tom's my best friend. I _____ (to know) him for three years.
-
They _____ (to live) in Volgograd for two years.
-
This patient has earache. He _____ (to have) it since 7 o'clock.
-
We _____ (to live) in London since 2009.
-
I _____ (to do) my homework.
-
He _____ (to win) all his matches this year.
-
My brother and I _____ (to take part) in this scientific conference.
-
It's my birthday party today. I _____ (to invite) many people.
Задание 5. Дополните предложения словами for или since.
-
I've lived in Washington _____ 1997.
-
Ben has studied English _____ three years.
-
They haven't visited their grandparents _____ months.
-
Julie's ill. She's been in bed _____ Tuesday.
-
My dad has had his new car_____ six
-
It's been ten years_____ we moved to Oxford.
Задание 6. Пользуясь опорными словами, a также словами for и since составьте предложения в Present Perfect Simple.
-
Kate/be/in bed/a long time.
-
She / not eat / anything / this morning.
-
She / not see / her friends / a week.
-
She / stay / at home / Tuesday.
-
She / have / a red nose / three days.
-
She / not play / basketball / last weekend.
-
She / not do / any school work / Monday.
Задание 7. Напишите вопросы в Present Perfect, используя глаголы в скобках. Дайте правдивые ответы.
Пример: (eat Italian food)
— Have you ever eaten Italian food?
— Lots of times.
-
(ski)
-
(win money)
-
(have a dream)
-
(break a leg)
-
(go to a concert)
Задание 8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple:
-
I (to know) _______ her for six years.
-
I (to know) _______ him when I was at school.
-
He (to live) _______ in Paris from 2010 to 2015.
-
He (to live) _______ in New York since 2001.
-
Where's Pete? I (not see) _______ him for ages.
-
I (not see) _______ Pete last night.
-
We (to be) _______ at University from 2010 to 2015.
-
We (to be) _______ in this lecture since September.
-
I (not watch) _______ this video yet.
-
I (not watch) _______ a video at the weekend.
-
He _______ (live) in this street all his life.
-
His father ________ (come back) to London last Sunday.
-
I __________ (write) a letter to Nick two days ago.
-
He ________ (send) his letter yesterday.
-
They ________ (just/ buy) some postcards.
-
Ann (wake up) ______ late and (miss) _______ her breakfast on Monday.
-
The artist (draw) ______ a picture of sunset yesterday. She (draw) ______ many pictures of sunsets in her lifetime.
-
We first (meet) ______ in 2001. So we (know) _______ each other for 8 years.
Задание 9. Выберите из скобок глагол в правильной форме. Предложения переведите:
-
We (went/have been) to the seaside last summer.
-
I (finished/have finished my homework. Can I go out now?
-
My hobby is fishing. I (have caught/caught) a lot of fish.
-
Jenny is in Oxford today, but she (was/has been) in London yesterday.
-
I (played /have played) basketball when I was younger, but I don’t play now.
-
I (have already seen /already saw) this film.
-
I (didn't see/haven't seen) him since 2008.
-
We (have stayed/stayed) at our grandparents for three days. We arrived home yesterday.
-
He (went/has gone) to sleep an hour ago.
-
I (have waited/waited) for a bus for twenty minutes. Then I decided to walk.
Задание 10. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какую функцию выполняют слова That (Those):
-
The doctor says that he knows this patient.
-
The bones of the lower extremities articulate with the pelvic bones, those of the upper extremities extend from the shoulder girdle.
-
Trough the centre of the vertebral column runs the canal that contains the spinal cord.
-
We liked that lecture very much.
-
The function of the liver is different from that of the spleen.
-
That was the book he wanted.
-
The special feature of that textbook on anatomy is that it has many pictures.
-
One of the most interesting problems in medicine is that of pathogenesis.
-
Metabolic diseases are those in which certain physiological processes become disturbed.
-
Note that in the middle the bone consists of very compact tissue.
-
We know that the cardiac muscle forms the heart.
-
The structure of smooth muscles differs from that of cardiac muscles.
-
Задание 1. Опираясь на содержание текстов занятия 7, согласитесь или опровергните следующие предложения:
-
Muscles are the inactive part of the motor apparatus.
-
Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles.
-
The muscles constitute approximately 90 per cent of the total body weight.
-
Smooth muscle is richer in blood vessels than the striated muscle.
-
Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control.
-
Smooth muscle can contract rapidly.
-
Muscles have both motor and sensory nerve fibres.
-
Smooth muscle fibres are bound into bundles by blood vessels.