I. Read the text and carry out the following assignments:

1. Read and give Ukranian equivalents of the following internationalisms:

interior, history, function, material, construction, ef­fective, vary, microstructure, uniform, evolution, fundamen­tal, accurate, proportion.

2. Explain the difference between the words "house" and "home".

3. Find the paragraph telling about the importance of choosing proper building materials.

4. Translate the following sentence into Ukrainian:

The most important building material may now be con­sidered to be structural steel and concrete.

15. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combina­tions:

outward appearance, building construction, masonry units/structures, coloured cement, alumina cements, violence

of the chemical reaction, purpose-made cements, inert mate­rials with a mortar.

3. Name the main building materials mentioned in the text»

4. Make a summary of the text in writing.

TEXT C. URBANIZATION AND ECOLOGY

1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:

urban, environment, artificial, to impoverish, huge, bio­sphere, consequences, primarily, wealth, measure.

2. Read and memorize:

rural parts (of the country) — сільські райони (країни), urban dwellers — міські жителі, living things — живі істо­ти, man-made — штучний, population outflow — відплив населення, nature conservation — збереження природи.

TEXT

Every year more and more people are moving to urban places from rural parts of the country. The proportion of urban dwellers is increasing constantly. The urbanization process gives birth to a number of problems. Urban ecology is one of them.

Ecology is the study of the relationships between living things and the environment. Urban ecology, then, deals with the relationship between man and his most common home, the urban environment.

Unlike a lake or a forest, the urban environment is largely man-made. Man therefore takes a more prominent position in the development of the environment.

Not long ago town had a local impact on nature. Today, in the context of the scientific and technological progress, the influence of cities and urbanized areas is spreading over vast territories to the planet as a whole. And the thing is not only that human activity "ousts" nature, creating an artificial environment that it opposes, impoverishes huge natural landscape. It (human activity) turns the biosphere into a global "translator" of the consequences of urbanization. In the past the natural and man-made environment was regarded by specialists primarily as an object of man's actions, the instrument and material of his activity. Today, the changes in the environment brought about by man's activity are dan­gerous to the environment and man himself.

The population outflow from rural areas and industrial activity leads to the destruction of natural wealth both in town and country. Therefore, nature conservation, cultiva­tion of rural and town landscapes and other measures may help man preserve ecological balance in a given territory. That's why the tasks of "ecologization" of the industrial pro­duction and urbanized landscapes should be accomplished simultaneously.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. Is the proportion of urban dwellers increasing or de­creasing? 2. What does urban ecology deal with? 3. What is the influence of the scientific-technological progress on ecol­ogy? 4. Are industrial activities of man dangerous to the environment? 5. What must be the measures connected with nature conservation? 6. What examples of ecological disasters- can you describe?

2. Discuss the problem described in the text.

LESSON FIFTEEN

Grammari 1. Constructions of the Type "It is known that

2. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive (Meaning and Translation).

   3. Word-building and Word-combina­tions.

READING EXERCISES

1. Practise reading the following two-syllable words:

purpose, Roman, army, brilliant, empire, engine, prog­ress, value, harbour, traffic, structure, public, contrast, interest, complex, dwelling, concrete, office, number; direct, engage, require, supply, collapse, revive, become, include, involve, denote, erect, design, divide, survey, increase, repair.

2. Practise reading the following many-syllable words:

enormous, distinguish, invention, hydraulic, irrigation, computer, domestic, profession, remember, department;

responsible, industrial, emphasize, community, subdi­vide, structural, municipal, professional, theory, different, management, complexity, constitute, element, industry, hospital, reference, structural, particular, several, institute, popular.

3. Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words:

iron I'aieni— залізо, canal Iko'naell — канал, harbour ['ha:baj — пристань, hydrology [hai'dro!od3i] — гідрологія, project Cprod3ekt] — проект, strength |'strei]61 — сила, міцність, drainage l'dreinid31 — дренаж, alloy I'aebiJ— сплав, honourable ГэпэгэЬП — почесний.

4. Practise reading the following words with double stresses:

engineer, pioneer, non-military, potentially, mathemat­ics, economics, multistorey, hydro-electric.

5. Practise connected reading:

pioneering work, wide areas of the world, use and conve­nience, a non-military purpose, brilliant engineers, the be­ginning of the Industrial Revolution, steam engine, in con­trast to, the use of iron, may have emphasized, has become, structural engineering, drainage and irrigation system; water supply, theory of structures.

TEXT A. CIVIL ENGINEERING

The part played by civil engineers in pioneering work and in developing wide areas of the world has been and con­tinues to be enormous.

Civil engineering was not distinguished from other branch­es of engineering until 200 years ago. This term was first used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-mili­tary purpose from military engineering. Atost early engineers were engaged in the construction of fortifications and were responsible for building the roads and bridges required for the movement of troops and supplies.

The Roman armies of occupation in Europe had brilliant engineers. After the collapse of the Roman Empire there was ¹ little progress in communications. It was only with the be­ginning of the Industrial Revolution, the invention of the , steam engine and the realization of the potentialities in the use of iron that it revived. Roads, canals, railways, ports, harbours and bridges were then built by engineers who called themselves "civil" in contrast to military engineers. This may have emphasized the value of their work to the commu­nity.

Today, the scope of civil engineering has become very broad. It is subdivided into such as construction (all kinds of buildings), highway and railway engineerings hydraulic engineering (canals, dams, drainage and irrigation systems) and municipal engineering (city planning, traffic regulation, water supply, and sewerage).

Civil engineering is an extremely broad professional field. It must make use of many different branches of knowledge, including mathematics, theory of structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, hydrology, geology, economics arid most recently a knowledge of computers. Civil engineer­ing problems involve the physical, mathematical, earth, so­cial, communications, and engineering sciences. Civil engin­eering projects involve many other professional areas, includ­ing law, public health, economics, management, finance, and other branches of engineering. The scope and complex­ity of the field, and its degree of involvement with other fields, has increased rapidly with the development of modern science and technology and the growth of population and national economics. Taken as a whole, modern civil engineer­ing constitutes a vital element of national industry which involves large numbers of people of various special interests and occupations.

Speaking about civil engineering we must properly use the words "construction" and "building".

The term "construction" is used to denote the erection and repair of all types of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures.

Theword "building" is mainly used in the sense of domes­tic dwellings, including houses and multistorey flats, schools, hospitals and office blocks, while "civil engineering" is used with reference to bridges, roads, harbours, water supply and hydroelectric schemes.

The term "structural engineering" means particularly the calculation and design of all kinds of structures whose strength is mostly provided by steel, reinforced, prestressed, or precast concrete, or other alloys. This work involves a great deal of mathematics and consultations from several different professions.

We should remember that there is no hard and fast divi­ding line between these terms.

161

In our country civil engineers are trained at special insti­tutes and departments of the polytechnical institutes. Civil engineering is a very popular and honourable profession.

(| V IIIMJ

VOCABULARY NOTES

1. pioneering work — труд першовідкривача

2. civil engineering — цивільне будівництво

3. military engineering — військово-будівельна справа

4. to be engaged in smth.— займатися чим-н.

5. to be responsible (for smth.) — відповідати, бути відповідальним (за- що-н.).

6. degree of involvement (with other fields) — ступінь зв'язку (з іншими

галузями)

7. in contrast to — на відміну від

8. to make use of smth.— користуватися чим-н., використовувати

9. domestic dwelling — житловий будинок

10. multistorey flats — багатоквартирний будинок

11. with (in) reference to — відносно, стосовно (чого-н.)

12. water supply — водопостачання

13. hydroelectric schemes — гідроелектричні проекти

14. precast (prefabricated) concrete — збірний залізобетон

15. reinforced concrete — залізобетон

16. prfstressed concrete — попередньо напружений бетон

17. a great deal of — багато, велика кількість

18. hard and fast (dividing line) — непорушна, раз назавжди встановле­на (межа, лінія поділу)

EXERCISES

1. Combine the suffixes -ment, -tion, -ation, -ly, -ity with the proper group of words:

irregular, possible, antique, responsible, exclusive, to develop, to consider, to construct, to form, to exploit, to industrialize, to improve, to establish, to occupy, to invent, to involve.

2. Form:

   1. nouns corresponding to the following verbs:

to develop, to use, to divide, to calculate, to design, to erect, to grow, to invent, to involve, to know, to manage, to consult;

1. verbs corresponding to the following nouns: fortification, definition, movement, occupation, communi­cation, realization, consultation;

2. adjectives corresponding to the following nouns: nation, structure, industry, physics, mathematics.

1. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

civil, nature, construction, fortification, occupation, calculation, irrigation, project, public, finance, special, popular.

4. Write out of the text terminological words and word- combinations referring to civil engineering.

5. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word- combinations:

на користь і для зручності людини, прекраслі інженери, винайдення парового двигуна, важливість їхньої роботи для суспільства, різні галузі знань, теорія конструкції, велика кількість, люди різних зацікавлень (інтересів) і занять, зведення та ремонт будинків, житловий будинок, збірний залізобетон, почесна професія.

6. Combine the word "domestic" with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word-

combinations:

X.Make up sentences from the following words and word- groups: 17

XI.Read the following sentences and put a question to each sentence and explain modal verbs: 18

XII.Answer the following guestions: 18

TEXT В. SOMETHING ABOUT BUILDING MATERIALS 19

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 19

2.Words and expressions to comprehend the text: 20

ASSIGNMENTS 22

of the chemical reaction, purpose-made cements, inert mate­rials with a mortar. 22

III.Name the main building materials mentioned in the text» 22

IV.Make a summary of the text in writing. 22

TEXT C. URBANIZATION AND ECOLOGY 22

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 22

2.Read and memorize: 23

I.Read the text and answer the following questions: 24

II.Discuss the problem described in the text. 24

LESSON FIFTEEN 24

1.Practise reading the following two-syllable words: 24

2.Practise reading the following many-syllable words: 25

I.Read the text and carry out the following assignments: 42

II.Translate the following sentence into Ukrainian: 42

III.Render the text in short. 42

TEXT C. KIEV CIVIL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE 42

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 42

LESSON SIXTEEN 45

TEXT A. ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTS 46

TEXT B. THEY DEVOTED THEIR LIVES TO ARCHITECTURE 53

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 53

1. Read the text and answer the following questions: 58

11. Using the text of the lesson and other information sources make dialogues and reproduce thern at the lesson. 58

LESSON SEVENTEEN 58

1.Two-syllable words with the stress on the first syllable: 58

2.Two-syllable words with the stress on the second syllable: 59

3.Many-syllable words: 59

4.Word-combinations: 59

5.Words with double stress: 59

6.Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words: 59

7.Practise connected reading: 59

TEXT A. ELECTRONICS 59

I.Read and translate into Ukrainian the following nouns with the suffix -(t)ion and give the verbs from which they are formed: 62

II.a) Form nouns by adding the suffix -er(-or) to the following verbs: 62

b) Arrange the nouns given above according to the meaning: 62

III.Read, translate and memorize the following terms: 62

IV.Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combi­nations: 63

V.Find In the text English equivalents of the following word- combinations: 63

X I. Change the following sentences so as to use the Subjective infinitive Constructions: 65

XII.Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction: 65

XIII.Write out of the text the sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Constructions and translate them into Ukrainian. 65

XIV.Answer the following questions: 65

XV.Render the text. 66

TEXT В. LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS 66

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 66

2.Words and expressions necessary to comprehend the text: 66

I. Read the text and carry out the following assignments: 68

II.Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combi­nations: 68

III.Translate the following sentence into Ukrainian: 69

IV.What caused the miniaturization problem? 69

V.What does the term "gate" mean? 69

VI.Speak on the latest tendencies in the development of elec­tronics. 69

VII.Give subtitles to each paragraph of the text. 69

VIII.Render the text or make a short summary. 69

TEXT C. THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS 69

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 69

2.Read and memorize: 69

LESSON EIGHTEEN 72

1. Two-syllable words: 72

XIII.Define the ing-forms and translate the sentences into Ukrainian: 81

XIV.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the conjunction "while": 81

XV.Answer the following questions on the text: 81

XVI.Render the text. 82

XVII.Using the text and ex. XV make up a dialogue. 82

LESSON TWENTY 88

1.Two-syllable words: 88

2.Many-syllable words: 88

3.Groups of words: 89

4.Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words: 89

5.Connected reading: 89

TEXT A. ELECTRONIC COMPUTER EVOLUTION 89

III.Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents: 93

IV.Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian: 93

V.Combine the word "computer" with an appropriate English word to express the following Ukrainian word-comb і nations: 93

VI.Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian: 93

VII.Arrange the following words in pairs according to: 94

XI.Translate into English using appropriate forms of the infinitive: 95

XII.Answer the following questions on the text: 96

XIII.Render the text. 96

TEXT B. ELECTRONIC BRAIN 96

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 96

2.Words and expressions necessary to comprehend the text: 96

I.Read the text and carry out the following assignments: 99

II.Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combi­nations: 99

III.Translate into Ukrainian the following sentence from the text: 99

1.Read the text and answer the following questions: 103

11. Make a plan and render the text. 103

LESSON TWENTY-ONE 103

2.Many-syllable words: 104

3.'Practise reading the following word-combinations: 104

4.Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words: 104

5.Practise connected reading: 105

TEXT A. SEMICONDUCTORS AND SEMICONDUCTIVITY 105

III.Find in the text: 110

VJ. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word- combinations: 111

VII.Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combi­nations: 111

VIII.Find in the text: 111

IX.Read, translate into Ukrainian and memorize the meaning of the following terms: 112

X.Combine the words "electric" or "semiconductor" with the following words and translate the word-combinations into Ukrainian: 112

TEXT B. SEMICONDUCTORS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY 115

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 115

2.Words and word-combinations necessary to comprehend the text: 115

III.Translate the following sentence into Ukrainian: 118

IV.Name prominent scientists who made a great contribu­tion to the study of semiconductors. 119

V.What is the essence of the semiconductivity phenomenon? 119

VI.How did the term "transistor" appear? 119

VII.What are semiconductor couples used for? 119

VIII.Write a short annotation of the text. 119

TEXT C. TRANSISTORS 119

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 119

2.Read and memorize: 119

LESSON TWENTY-TWO 122

1. Two-syllable words: 122

TEXT A. ROBOTS MOVE IN 123

IV.Read and give Ukrainian equivalents of the following international words: 127

V.Arrange the following words according to: 127

VII.Give English equivalents of the following Ukrainian word-combinations: 127

VIII.Translate the following sentences using words and word- combinations from the text: 128

IX.Translate the following conditional sentences Into Ukrai­nian: 128

X.Explain the use of tenses and translate the sentences into Ukrainian: 128

XI.Write out of the text the sentences with Continuous Tenses, explain thein and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. 129

XII.Answer the following questions: 129

TEXT В. THE TECHNOLOGY WITHIN AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT 129

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 129

2.Words and word-combinations necessary to comprehend the text: 130

ASSIGNMENTS 132

I.Read the text and carry out the following assignments: 132

II.Find in the text English equivalent of the following Ukrai­nian sentence: 133

III.Translate into Ukrainian the following sentence from the text: 133

IV.What are the main parts of the robot? 133

V.What do we call separate standard parts used to create variants of robots and robotized complexes. 133

VI.What makes robot different from an ordinary machine? 133

VII.Speak on the future application of robots in agriculture, transport, building construction and in the sphere of service. 133

TEXT C. HOW ROBOTS APPEARED 133

1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words: 133

внутрішні справи (країни) affairs

домоведення animals

вітчизняні товари dwelling

6*

163

комунальний газ science

7. Arrange the following words according to:

   1. similar meaning: enormous, excessively, various, great, erection, different, brilliant, a great deal of, splendid, extre­mely, building, include, involve, many;

   2. opposite meaning: different, simplicity, slowly, the same, military, inconvenience, non-military, complexity, rapidly, convenience.

8. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:

1. Цивільне будівництво охоплює спеціальності різного профілю. 2. В стародавні часи цивільне будівництво не відокремлювалося від інших інженерних галузей. 3. В усіх країнах професія будівельника дуже важлива і почесна, 4. Цивільне будівництво займається зведенням житлових будинків і промислових будівель. 5. Планування і забудо­ва міст завжди відображувала соціальний устрій, еконо­мічні, інженерно-технічні та художні можливості суспіль­ства.

9. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the con­structions in bold type:

1. It is known that at present there are hundreds of sub­divisions of engineering. 2. It is planned to build many new boarding schools, nurseries, kindergartens in our country

this year. 3. It is expected that soon people will be able to fly to other planets. 4. It is known that our Metro is one of the most beautiful and convenient in the world. 5. It is in­tended to raise the capacity of this machine through various 'technical improvements.

1. Make up sentences of the following words and word-groups:

1. very, today, has, become, the scope, of, civil engin­eering, broad.

2. professional field, is, civil engineering, broad, an, extremely.

3. in Ukraine, is, civil engineering, a, very, popular and honourable profession.

   11. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the use of Modal Verbs with the Infinitive:

1. He cannot have broken the device. He is too careful. 2. He must have made a mistake in calculations that the experiment failed. 3. The term "civil" in contrast to "mili­tary engineers" may have emphasized the value of their work to the community, 4. This method could have been more effective in our experiment.