John Locke

John Locke (1632-1704), English philosopher, a founder of empiricism and political liberalism. His Two Treatises of Government (1690) argues that the authority of rulers has a human origin and is limited. In An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1690) he argued that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses

Baron de Montesquieu

Montesquieu was one of the great political philosophers of the Enlightenment. Insatiably curious and mordantly funny, he constructed a naturalistic account of the various forms of government, and of the causes that made them what they were and that advanced or constrained their development. He used this account to explain how governments might be preserved from corruption. He saw despotism, in particular, as a standing danger for any government not already despotic, and argued that it could best be prevented by a system in which different bodies exercised legislative, executive, and judicial power, and in which all those bodies were bound by the rule of law. This theory of the separation of powers had an enormous impact on liberal political theory, and on the framers of the constitution of the United States of America.

Thomas Hobbes

Even more than Bacon, Thomas Hobbes illustrated the transition from medieval to modern thinking in Britain. His Leviathan effectively developed a vocabulary for philosophy in the English language by using Anglicized versions of the technical terms employed by Greek and Latin authors. Careful use of words to signify common ideas in the mind, Hobbes maintained, avoids the difficulties to which human reasoning is most obviously prone and makes it possible to articulate a clear conception of reality. (Leviathan I 4)

Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself. Weber is often cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as one of the three founding architects of sociology.

4.2 Judiciary

Activity 1 Read new words with their translation.

mediating	посередницький; який витупає посередником
dispute	сперечатися
determine	визначати; встановлювати
outcome	наслідок; результат, підсумок
a supreme legal authority	вищаправовавлада
overrule	анулювати; вважати недійсним
relevant	доречний; що стосується справи (to)
cases	судова практика
legislation	законодавство; законодавча діяльність
determine	визначати; встановлювати
nullifу	робити недійсним, відміняти; скасовувати
establish	установлювати; влаштовувати
racial	расовий
segregated	який утримується окремо
incompatible	несумісний, несполучний
judiciary	суд; судова влада (система)
bound	обмежувати
interpret	тлумачити, пояснювати; інтерпретувати
doctrine	вчення, доктрина
precedent	прецедент
assert	доводити; захищати; обстоювати
whereby	біля чого?; за допомогою чого?; як?
overturn	відкидати; спростовувати
regard	стосуватися, мати відношення
executive	виконавча влада
subservient	підлеглий, підвладний
exert	здійснювати (юрисдикцію)
Muslim	мусульманський
adhere	приєднуватися
Sharia	шаріат
invalidate	робити недійсним, позбавляти чинності
ensure	гарантувати, забезпечувати
compatibility	сумісність, сполучність

Activity 2 Read and translate the text.