Industries contribute to habitat damage and destruction if they:
pollute water
use proper drainage system
produce freons
plant trees
organize natural parks and reserves
The primary cause of species extinction is:
destruction of habitats
exposure to hazardous waste
biological magnification
acid rain
global warming
Biological magnification is the process of:
increasing concentration of hazardous wastes through food chains
concentration of calcium deposits in the shells of dead organisms
algal bloom in a lake
accumulation of organics in the water reservoirs
biogeochemical cycles
To prevent or reduce waste it should be done:
to use recycled materials whenever possible
to transport hazardous waste rather than treating on-site
to use over-packaging
to avoid using a catalytic converter
to release waste into the domestic sewage system
The main physical reason of the photochemical smog is:
atmosphere temperature inversion
wind speed
mixing between air layers
atmosphere gas composition
precipitation
The major component of photochemical smog is:
tropospheric ozone
sulfur dioxide
particulates
acid rain
carbon dioxide
The primary reason of acid rain is:
burning fossil fuels
wood cutting
ozone layer depletion
marsh drainage
water thermal pollution
Acid rain is harmful because it can:
dissolve nutrients and toxic metals in the soil
cause skin cancer in humans
cause land flooding
destroy ozone layer
increase earth temperature
The pH of acid rain is:
below 5
below 6
below 7
below 8
below 9
Acid rain occur as:
rain, snow, mist, fog, hail
only rain
acetic acid
lemon acid
carbonic acid
The chemical compounds that can cause acid rain:
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
acetic and carbonic acid
methane and ammonia
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
ozone and particulates
Loss of ozone has serious effects in people because ultra-violet radiation can cause:
skin cancer and eye damage
liver and kidneys damage
respiratory and nervous system damage
hepatitis and heart attack
anemia and diarrhea
To stop ozone layer depletion it should be done:
to replace or recycle freons used in fridge and cooling systems
to stop wood cutting
to use solar power
to use a nuclear power
to use geothermal energy
The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above the earth:
0-15 km and 15-55 km respectively
0-5 km and 5-50 km respectively
0-10 and 10-80 km respectively
0-12 and 12-100 km respectively
0-20 and 20-200 km respectively
The greenhouse gases are the following:
CO2, CFCs, CH4, NO, NO2, tropospheric ozone
stratospheric ozone
NH3, O2, noble gases
chlorine and fluorine
SO2, NO2, NO, CO
Alternative sources of energy include:
sun, wind and waves
natural gas, peat and tides
oil, coal and geothermal energy
biomass, nuclear energy and oil
oil, coal, and natural gas
To reduce greenhouse effect it should be done:
to use alternative sources of energy
to avoid sewage water
to burn the trees and rubbish
to cut off rain forest
to use fertilizers
Distribution of gas concentrations in the atmosphere in descending order is:
nitrogen - oxygen - argon - carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide - oxygen - nitrogen -argon
oxygen - argon - nitrogen - carbon dioxide
argon - nitrogen-carbon dioxide - oxygen
oxygen - carbon dioxide- nitrogen - argon
Scientists predict the global average temperature will rise by 2025 and by 2100 to:
10C and 30C, correspondingly
050C and 20C, correspondingly
30C and 50C, correspondingly
50C and 70C, correspondingly
70C and 100C, correspondingly
Factors that specifically damage genetic material of organisms are:
mutagens
teratogens
carcinogens
pesticides
fertilizers
The global warming is primarily caused by:
increase of greenhouse gases concentration
increase of tropospheric ozone
decay of the organic compounds
increase of chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) concentration
use of alternative kinds of energy
Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable organisms such as:
plants
worms
fungi
insects
bacteria
Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are called:
teratogens
mutagens
carcinogens
pesticides
fungicides
Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called:
biodegradable
100% recycled
renewable
nonrenewable
nonbiodegradable
Renewable resources include:
humus
oil
coal
natural gas
minerals
Nonrenewable resources include:
minerals
soil
wildlife
forests
phytoplankton
The main characteristic of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is to be:
inverted
right
depends on a particular ecosystem
do not change
changes cyclically
According to number pyramids, a quantity of organisms at a higher trophic level:
decreases
do not change
increases
changes cyclically
depends on a particular ecosystem
Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is:
10%
100%
50%
25%
1%
Consumers, such as humans, that obtain their nutrients by eating both producers and other consumers are called:
omnivores
carnivores
herbivores
scavengers
autotrophs
Consumers, such as wolves, that obtain their nutrients by eating other consumers are:
carnivores
herbivores
omnivores
scavengers
autotrophs
Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating producers are:
herbivores
autotrophs
carnivores
omnivores
scavengers
The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals:
eat herbivore organisms
live on the land
use food at 10%
have large size
have similar behavior
Autotrophic organisms are:
plants
fungi
insects
birds
reptiles
Heterotrophic organisms are:
jellyfish
chemosynthetic bacteria
plants
photosynthetic bacteria
phototrophs
Organisms that use ready food are called:
heterotrophs
phototrophs
autotrophs
chemotrophs
producers
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is captured by:
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
nitrifying bacteria
denitrifying bacteria
plants
fungi
Primary productivity is the energy contained in the trophic level of:
producers
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
decomposers
Plants in an ecosystem play the following role:
synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds
are primary consumers
decompose organic substances to inorganic compounds
are secondary consumers
are decomposers
Define the right order of components in the trophic chain "tree - hare - fox":
producer - primary consumer - secondary consumer
heterotroph - primary consumer - secondary consumer
autotroph - heterotroph - decomposer
producer - heterotroph - decomposer
producer - consumer - decomposer
The following is Not correctly matched:
herbivore - autotroph
heterotroph - consumer
phototroph - plants
carnivore - animals
bacteria - decomposer
The major producers found in aquatic ecosystems are:
phytoplankton
aquatic plants
zooplankton
chemosynthetic bacteria
benthos
Two species that occupy a very similar niche are likely to be:
competitors
commensalists
mutualists
predators
parasites
An interaction between two species in which species benefit each other is:
mutualism
parasitism
competition
predation
commensalism
Type of biotic relationship when one species benefits and other one has neither harm nor profit:
commensalism
predation
parasitism
competition
mutualism
Example of interspecific competition is relationship between:
black cockroaches and red cockroaches
thinning fur trees out in a population
organism-host and worms-parasite
wolves in a pack
some mushrooms and trees
Competition, predation, and symbiosis are all types of:
biotic relationships
annual rhythms
parasitic relationships
biogeochemical cycles
abiotic relationships
Anthropogenic sources of pollution are:
automobile exhausts
earthquake
electromagnetic waves
volcano eruption
flood
Environment that is changed by people is:
second nature, or quasi-nature
social environment
first nature, or ecological space
third nature, or art-nature
anthropogenic impact
Noosphere - is an evolutionary step of biosphere that:
is transformed by conscious human activity
is occupied by living organisms on the Earth
has an negative anthropogenic impact
includes past life on the Earth planet
includes technogenic activity of humans
The term "Noosphere" was introduced by:
Le Rois
Vernadsky
Liebig
Suess
Heckel
The author of the study about biosphere is:
Vernadsky
Shelford
Commoner
Liebig
Heckel
The term "Biosphere" was introduced by:
Suess
Vernadsky
Heckel
Darwin
Commoner
The area of the earth occupied with living things is called:
biosphere
environment
troposphere
stratosphere
noosphere
A volcanic eruption is an example of:
a density-independent factor
a density-dependent factor
something that would be charted on an J-shaped curve
something that would be charted on an S-shaped curve
anthropogenic factor
A population with rapid growth includes the following age groups:
most of the population is pre-reproductive or reproductive
there are equal proportions of pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive ones
most of the population is reproductive or post-reproductive
almost all of the population is in the reproductive age group
most of the population is post-reproductive
The global human population grew very slowly until:
the industrial revolution
great scientific discoveries were done
the bubonic plague ravaged Europe
hunter-gatherer societies emerged
the origin of agriculture
The sigmoidal growth curve is typical of a population that:
is regulated by density-dependent factors
has more births
is growing exponentially
is not limited by its environment
population exhibits J-shaped growth curve
Population growth is exponential when:
the birthrate reaches its biotic potential
the birthrate is lower than the death rate
the birthrate is about the same as the death rate
the birthrate is limited by lack of resources
environment can not support a larger population
The carrying capacity of a population does Not include the statement:
the population exhibits J-shaped growth curve
there is environment resistance
the birthrate is equal to the death rate
resources must be limited
the environment cannot support a larger population
Dynamic characteristics of population is:
population growth rate
individuals distribution in the space
population number
individuals sex and age groups
population density
Statistic characteristic of population is:
population number
birthrate
survival rate
population growth
death rate
Population growth rate is:
individuals number change in a population over specific period of time
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place
a number of individuals in a given population
the number of individuals in given area at a given time
a difference between birthrate and death rate
Species that are localized and may have just one population that inhabit only a small area are called:
endemic
eyrobionts
stenobionts
extinct
relict
Homeothermic organisms are:
birds and mammals
all vertebrate animals
fungi and bacteria
only mammals
all plants
Poikilothermic are organisms with:
a body temperature depending on environment temperature
a large range tolerance to an ecological factor
a narrow range tolerance to an ecological factor
a constant temperature of their body
one population that inhabits only a small area