- •Ministry of education, science, youth and sports of ukraine state higher educational establishment uzhhorod national university faculty of romance and germanic philology
- •Shovak o.I.
- •Fundamentals of the Theory of Speech Communication
- •Uzhhorod 2012
- •Foreword
- •Lecture 1 Communication theory. Inaugural Lecture Plan
- •Self-check test
- •Reccomended Readings
- •Lecture 2 Communication. Key concepts Plan
- •1. Defining communication
- •2. Communication process
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 3 Models of communication Plan
- •Fig.5 Lasswell's model of the communication
- •1 Context
- •2 Message
- •3 Sender
- •4 Receiver
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •13.Shannon c., Weaver w. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. - Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949.
- •Lecture 4
- •Types of communication
- •2. Communications types
- •2.A.Verbal communication
- •2.B. Nonverbal communication
- •A wink is a type of gesture.
- •Imaginary steering wheel while talking about driving;
- •Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.
- •A high five is an example of communicative touch.
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •1.C. Instrumental function
- •1.E. Catharsis
- •1.F. Magic
- •1.G. Ritual Junction
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 6 forms of communication Plan
- •Negotiation lasted several days"; "they disagreed but kept an open dialogue";
- •Vulnerability. Dialogue finds participants open to being changed. We speak from a ground that is important to us, but we do not defend that ground at all costs.
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 7
- •General characteristics of the components of
- •Communicative/speech act
- •Indexical expressions;
- •4.C. Sociolinguistic competence
- •4.D. Strategic competence
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 8
- •Components of communicative act connected with the
- •Language code.
- •Discourse and discourse analysis
- •4.А. Exchanges
- •I: What's the time?
- •4.B. Conversational success
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Lecture 9 Text as a result and unit of communication Plan
- •2.A. Functional classification
- •3.A. The nature of text
- •3.B. The nature of discourse
- •Its topic, purpose, and function;
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Virtanen t. Approaches to Cognition through Text and Discourse (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs). - Mouton De Gruyter, 2004. - 350 p.
- •Communication Styles By Christopher l. Heffner
- •Self-check test
- •Lecture 11 Speech act in the structure of message (communication) Plan
- •In saying, "Watch out, the ground is slippery", Mary performs the speech act of warning Peter to be careful.
- •2.B. Indirect speech acts
- •2.C John Searie's theory of "indirect speech acts "
- •2.D. Analysis using Searle's theory
- •In order to generalize this sketch of an indirect request, Searie proposes a program for the analysis of indirect speech act performances, whatever they are. He makes the following suggestion:
- •Recommended Readings
- •12.Searle j. Speech Acts. — Cambridge University Press, 1969. — 208 p.
- •In mixed-gender groups, at public gatherings, and in many informal conversations, men spend more time talking than do women.
- •In meetings, men gain the "floor" more often, and keep the floor for longer periods of time, regardless of their status in the organisation.
- •In professional conferences, women take a less active part in responding to papers.
- •Interrupters are perceived as more successful and driving, but less socially acceptable, reliable, and companionable than the interrupted speaker.
- •In getting an appropriate balance on these three consider the following:
- •Instead of asking open-ended questions such as, "How is the project going?", ask closed questions such as "when can we expect the report of the data structures?"
- •Self-check test
- •Recommended Readings
- •Interpersonal Communication: Evolving Interpersonal Relationships. - Hillsdale, nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. - 1993.
Self-check test
What is phatic communication?
Describe the rule applied to phatic communication.
What are three needs necessary to establish meaningful relationships?
What is instrumental communication?
What is affective communication?
Describe cathartic function of communication.
What is magic?
What is ritual?
Point to and describe 6 functions of non-verbal communication.
Recommended Readings
Andersen P. Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions. - Waveland Press, 2007.
Andersen P. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Body Language.- Alpha Publishing. - 2004.
Argyle M. Bodily Communication. - Madison: International Universities Press. -1988.
Bull P. Posture and Gesture.- Oxford: Pergamon Press. -1987.
Burgoon J. Guerrero L., Floyd K. Nonverbal communication. - Boston: Allyn & Bacon. -2011.
Floyd K., Guerrero L. Nonverbal communication in close relationships. - Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. — 2006.
Hymes D. Introduction: Toward Ethnographies of Communication / J. J. Gumperez and D. Hymes. The Ethnography of Communication. Special issue of The American Anthropologist. - Part 2,1964. - P. 1-29.
Gudykunst W., Ting-Toomey S. Culture and Interpersonal Communication. - California: Sage Publications Inc., 1988.
Hanna J. To Dance Is Human: A Theory of Nonverbal Communication. Chicago; University of Chicago Press. -1987.
Hargie O., Dickson D. Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research, Theory and Practice. - Hove: Routledge. - 2004.
Knapp M., Hall J. Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. - Wadsworth: Thomas Learning. - 2007.
Ottenheimer H. The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology. - Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007.
Remland M. Nonverbal communication in everyday life. - Boston: AUyn & Bacon. - 2009.
Lecture 6 forms of communication Plan
Dialogue. Structured dialogue.
Charactaristics of the dialogue.
Monologue.
Dialogue. Structured dialogue
The definition of the term “dialogue” in different linguistic encyclopedias is the following:
a conversation between two persons;
the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction;
a literary composition in the form of a conversation between two people; "he
has read Plato's Dialogues in the original Greek";
negotiation: a discussion intended to produce an agreement; "the buyout
Negotiation lasted several days"; "they disagreed but kept an open dialogue";
"talks between Israelis and Palestinians".
Dialogue (spelled dialog in American English) is a literary form consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people. Its chief historical origins as narrative, philosophical or didactic device are to be found in classical Greek and Indian literature, in particular in the ancient art of rhetoric. Having lost touch almost entirely in the 19th century with its underpinnings in rhetoric, the notion of dialogue emerged transformed in the work of cultural critics such as Mikhail Bakhtin and Paulo Freire, theologians such as Martin Buber. The Russian philosopher and semiotician Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of dialogue emphasized the power of discourse to increase understanding of multiple perspectives and create myriad possibilities. Bakhtin held that relationships and connections exist among ail living beings, and that dialogue creates a new understanding of a situation that demands change. In his influential works, Bakhtin provided a linguistic methodology to define the dialogue, its nature and meaning: dialogic relations have a specific nature: they can be reduced neither to the purely logical (even if dialectical) nor to the purely linguistic (compositional-syntactic). They are possible only between complete utterances of various speaking subjects. Where there is no word and no language, there can be no dialogic relations; they cannot exist among objects or logical quantities (concepts, judgments, and so forth). Dialogic relations presuppose a language, but they do not reside within the system of language. They are impossible among elements of a language. Dialogue is a delicate process. Many obstacles inhibit dialogue and favor more confrontational communication forms such as discussion and debate. Common obstacles including fear, the display or exercise of power, mistrust, external influences, distractions, and poor communication conditions can all prevent dialogue from emerging.
Structured dialogue represents a class of dialogue practices developed as a means of orienting the dialogic discourse toward the problem of understanding and consensual action. Whereas most traditional dialogue practices are unstructured or semi-structured, such conversational modes have been observed as insufficient for the coordination of multiple perspectives in a problem area. A disciplined form of dialogue, where participants agree to follow a framework or facilitation, enables groups to address complex problems shared in common. Aleco Christakis (Structured Dialogic Design) and John N. Warfield (Science of Generic Design) were two of the leading developers of this school of dialogue, which was practiced for over 20 years. The rationale for engaging structured dialogue follows the observation that a rigorous bottom-up democratic form of dialogue must be structured to ensure that a sufficient variety of stakeholders represents the problem system of concern, and that their voices and contributions are equally balanced in the dialogic process. Today, structured dialogue is being employed by facilitated teams for peacemaking, global community development, government and social policy formulation, strategic management, health care, and other complex domains. In one deployment, structured dialogue is (according to a European Union definition) "a means of mutual communication between governments and administrations including EU institutions and young people. The aim is to get young people’s contribution towards the formulation of policies relevant to young people’s lives." The application of structured dialogue requires one to differentiate the meanings of discussion and deliberation.
Characteristics of the dialogue
Dialogue tends to develop in relationships, groups, and communities. It is characterized by the following features: