Иностранный_язык[1]

Контрольное задание 4

Вариант I.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивного оборота.

1.A few years ago, most manufacturers were not likely to acknowledge that impregnation was a reliable way to seal porous cast or powder-metallurgy parts.

2.He is said to have tested a circuit.

3.Did any of you see him enter the university?

4.We know the electrons to flow from the negative terminal of the battery to the positive one.

5.The knowledge of Faraday’s Law is known to be of great significance for every electrical engineer.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастного оборота.

1.The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists have to look for new sources of energy.

2.Steel being a very strong material, we find wide application of it in engineering.

3.I am having my car repaired.

4.The devices being used in our work are up-to-date.

5.All the delegates objecting to the resolution voted for our proposal.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.

1.It's a pity you can't drive. It would be useful if you could.

2.I wish I had something to read.

3.I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, of course I would have said hello.

4.Unless you work harder, you're not going to pass the examination.

5.But for the rain we would have gone down to the country.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

Automation

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries.

Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.

More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

Answer the questions:

1.How is the term automation defined in the text?

2.What is the most «familiar example» of automation given in the text?

3.What was the first step in the development of automaton?

4.What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production?

5.What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for?

Вариант II.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивного оборота.

2.Everybody was waiting for him to announce it.

3.We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault.

4.Everybody is certain to know that alternating voltage can be increased and decreased.

5.A fuse is expected to melt and break the circuit.

6.He is said to be working on his report.

II.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастного оборота.

1.Industrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed every

year.

2.The method being used by this engineer is very effective.

3.The experiment having been finished, the scientist published the results.

4.The engineer testing the engine is a good specialist.

5.I've just had my suit cleaned.

III.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.

1.Do you ever wish you could fly?

2.If you were in my position, what would you do?

3.I decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn't been so

tired.

4.I'll come tomorrow unless I have to work.

5.You might have seen him yesterday if you had called at seven.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

Basic principles of welding

A weld can be defined as a coalescence of metals produced by heating to a suitable temperature with or without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of a filler material.

In fusion welding a heat source generates sufficient heat to create and maintain a molten pool of metal of the required size. The heat may be supplied by electricity or by a gas flame. Electric resistance welding can be considered fusion welding because some molten metal is formed.

Solid-phase processes produce welds without melting the base material and without the addition of a filler metal. Pressure is always employed, and generally some heat is provided. Frictional heat is developed in ultrasonic and friction joining, and furnace heating is usually employed in diffusion bonding.

The electric arc used in welding is a high-current, low-voltage discharge generally in the range 10-2,000 amperes at 10-50 volts. An arc column is complex but, broadly speaking, consists of a cathode that emits electrons, a gas plasma for current conduction, and an anode region that becomes comparatively hotter than the cathode due to electron bombardment.

Most metals, when heated, react with the atmosphere or other nearby metals. These reactions can be extremely detrimental to the properties of a welded joint. Most metals, for example, rapidly oxidise when molten. A layer of oxide can prevent proper bonding of the metal. Molten-metal droplets coated with oxide become entrapped in the weld and make the joint brittle. Some valuable materials added for specific properties react so quickly on exposure to the air that the metal deposited does not have the same composition as it had initially. These problems have led to the use of fluxes and inert atmospheres.

In fusion welding the flux has a protective role in facilitating a controlled reaction of the metal and then preventing oxidation by forming a blanket over the molten material. Fluxes can be active and help in the process or inactive and simply protect the surfaces during joining.

Inert atmospheres play a protective role similar to that of fluxes. In gas-shielded metal-arc and gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding an inert gas—usually argon—flows from an tube surrounding the torch in a continuous stream, displacing the air from around the arc. The gas does not chemically react with the metal but simply protects it from contact with the oxygen in the air.

Answer the questions:

1. How can a process of welding be defined?

2. What are the main groups of processes of welding?

3.What does an arc column consist of?

4.What are the principles of gas welding?

Вариант III.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивного оборота.

1.The new methods permitted these phenomena to be investigated thoroughly.

2.The overloading of the line is likely to produce a short circuit.

3.I want you to explain the nature of electricity.

4.The electrical engineer saw the voltage be increasing rapidly.

5.The conference was supposed to be making good progress.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастного оборота.

1.Planning being the most important part of starting and running a successful business, your business plan should be complete, clear, neat and accurate.

2.Having brought the dictionaries from the library the student began to translate the article.

3.The professor delivering the lecture, the students listened to him with great interest.

4.I saw the monument being photographed.

5.The family wanted the case investigated by somebody else.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.

1.It rains a lot here. I wish it didn't rain so often.

2.We wouldn't have any money if we didn't work.

3.If he had been looking where he was going, he wouldn't have walked into the

wall.

4.Don't tell Ann what I said unless she asks you.

5.But for his accent, he could have been taken for an Englishman.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

Construction of an Automobile

The primary components of a car are the power plant, the power transmission, the running gear, and the control system. These constitute the chassis, on which the body is mounted.

The power plant includes the engine and its fuel, the carburettor, ignition, lubrication, and cooling systems, and the starter motor.

The Engine

The greatest number of cars use piston engines. The four-cycle piston engine requires four strokes of the piston per cycle. The first downstroke draws in the petrol mixture. The first upstroke compresses it. The second downstroke—the power stroke— following the combustion of the fuel, supplies the power, and the second upstroke evacuates the burned gases. Intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder control the intake of fuel and the release of burned gases. At the end of the power stroke the pressure of the burned gases in the cylinder is 2.8 to 3.5 kg/sq cm. These gases escape with the sudden opening of the exhaust valve. They rush to a silencer (muffler), an enlarged section of piping containing expanding ducts and perforated plates through which the gases expand and are released into the atmosphere.

Greater smoothness of operation of the four-cycle engine were provided by the development of the four-cylinder engine, which supplies power from one or another of the cylinders on each stroke of the cycle. A further increase in power and smoothness is obtained in engines of 6,8,12, and 16 cylinders, which are arranged in either a straight line or two banks assembled in the form of a V.

Carburation

Air is mixed with the vapour of the petrol in the carburettor. To prevent the air and the carburettor from becoming too cold for successful evaporation of the fuel, the air for the carburettor is usually taken from a point close to a heated part of the engine. Modern carburettors are fitted with a so-called float-feed chamber and a mixing or spraying chamber. The first is a small chamber in which a small supply of petrol is maintained at a constant level. The petrol is pumped from the main tank to this chamber, the float rising as the petrol flows in until the desired level is reached, when the inlet closes. The carburettor is equipped with such devices as accelerating pumps and economizer valves, which automatically control the mixture ratio for efficient operation under varying conditions. Level-road driving at constant speed requires a lower ratio of petrol to air than that needed for climbing hills, for acceleration, or for starting the engine in cold weather. When a mixture extremely rich in petrol is necessary, a valve known as the choke cuts down the air intake, permitting large quantities of unvaporized fuel to enter the cylinder.

Answer the questions:

1.Can you name the primary components of a car?

2.What engines are used in the greatest number of cars? How do they work?

3.Why is the air for the carburettor usually taken from a point close to a heated part of the engine?

4.What devices is the carburettor equipped with?

Вариант IV.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивного оборота.

1.The discovery of Ohm’s Law proved to be of special value for electrical engineering.

2.May I rely on you to help us?

3.They noticed him press the button of the computer.

4.We know J.J. Thomson to have discovered the electron.

5.Nowadays semiconductors are believed to be increasingly used in TVsets, radio sets and computers.

II.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастного оборота.

1.The results being really important in the business world, it is necessary to establish realistic goals.

2.The professor delivering the lecture is a famous scientist.

3.The dictionaries having been brought from the library, the student began to translate the article.

4.She got her photo taken.

5.We heard the dam blown down.

III.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.

1.It's very crowded here. I wish there weren't so many people.

2.If I didn't want to go to the party, I wouldn't go.

3.The view was wonderful. If I'd had a camera with me, I would have taken some photographs.

4.You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.

5.If you had told me about the problem then, I would have helped you.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

Automated production lines

An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are set up for long production runs, making large number of product units and running for several years between changeovers. Each station is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. A raw work part enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation and appears at the other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the line, there is a work part being processed at each station, so that many parts are being processed simultaneously and a finished part is produced with each cycle of the line. The various operations, part transfers, and other activities taking place on an automated transfer line must all be sequenced and coordinated properly for the line to operate efficiently.

Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are special computers that can perform timing and sequencing functions required to operate such equipment. Automated production lines are utilized in many industries, mostly automobile, where they are used for processes such as machining and pressworking.

Machining is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting or shaping tool, so that the remaining work part is the desired shape. Machinery and motor components are usually made by this process. In many cases, multiple operations are required to completely shape the part. If the part is mass-produced, an automated transfer line is often the most economical method of production. Many separate operations are divided among the workstations.

Pressworking operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet metal. Examples of such parts include automobile body panels, outer shells of laundry machines and metal furniture More than one processing step is often required to complete a complicated part. Several presses are connected together in sequence by handling mechanisms that transfer the partially completed parts from one press to the next, thus creating an automated pressworking line.

Answer the questions:

1.Where are automated production lines utilized?

2.What do they consist of?

3.What are modern automated lines controlled by?

4.How can processes of machining and pressworking be defined?

Вариант V.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивного оборота.

1.They want their chief to be removed from the office.

2.We expect the facts to be proved.

3.Bohr considered the atom to consist of two parts: the nucleus and electrons.

4.Thermocouples are expected to be used instead of semiconductors in the solar battery.

5.He is reported to be measuring voltage.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастного оборота.

1.Planning gives you a path to follow, a business

2.Plan being a communications tool for investors, suppliers and employees.

3.All doors having been locked, they were forced to spend the night at a neighbour's

home.

4.I saw him photographing the monument.

5.I want to have my translation corrected.

6.There being a lot of things to discuss, the conference lasted long.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.

1.It's very crowded here. I wish there weren't so many people.

2.Tom would read more if he had more time.

3.If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to see you.

4.Providing she studies hard, she should pass the examination.

5.Lucy could have never translated the telex if I hadn't helped her.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

Command and market economies

In command economies, government committees of economic planners, production experts and political officials establish production levels for these goods and designate which factories will produce them. The central planning committees also establish the prices for the shirts and blouses as well as the wages for the workers who make them. It is this set of central decisions that determines the quantity, variety and prices of clothing and other products.

Predictably, the products from this limited number of choices sell out quickly, disappearing from store shelves. Why? Because factories failed to meet their production quotas, perhaps, or because the central planning group underestimated how many shirts people want to buy at the prices they set. In either case, unless the planners take steps to increase production, raise prices or both, the shortages will continue.