английский язык для общих целей

Listening to them he was still thinking about his wife. = Слушая их, он по-прежнему думал о своей жене.

Признаки герундия:

образуется прибавлением к глаголу -ing;

обладает как свойствами глагола, так и свойствами существительного;

отвечает на вопросы существительного;

никогда не ставится с артиклем;

не имеет формы множественного числа;

может стоять с притяжательным .местоимением;

может стоять с предлогом;

может иметь описательные слова (чаще отвечают на вопрос как? и стоят после

герундия):

I didn't know about their coming back so early. => Я не знал о том, что они возвра-

щаются так рано.

Не attempted walking slowly. => Он попробовал идти медленно.

She regrets living so far from her family. => Она сожалеет о том, что живет так далеко от семьи.

После герундия родительный падеж не обозначается предлогом of:

She hates giving parties. => Она ненавидит устраивать вечеринки. (дословно: ...

давание / устраивание (чего?) вечеринок)

Telling lies is wrong. => Нехорошо обманывать, (дословно: говорение (чего?) лжи) John's wife doesn't approve of his loving politicians so much. => Жене Джона очень не нравится, что он обожает политиков. (дословно: ... любление (кого?) политиков)

Примечание:

1)в некоторых случаях при описании одной и той же ситуации перед формой, заканчивающейся -ing, можно использовать местоимения / существительные как в объектном, так и в притяжательном падеже; при этом после глаголов to prevent / to forbid = запрещать (не допускать), to excuse / to pardon / to forgive = извинять и др. оба варианта ставятся перед герундием:

Nobody can prevent us / our getting married. = Никто не может помешать нам пожениться.

I cannot forbid you talking to that man. = Я не могу запретить тебе (что?) разговари-

вать с этим человеком.

I cannot forbid your talking to that man. = Я не могу запретить (что? — твое разговаривание) тебе разговаривать с этим человеком.

Excuse me (for) being late. = Извините (меня) за опоздание. Excuse my being late.

= Извините, что опоздал.

Forgive / Pardon me (for) asking / Pardon my asking, but isn't that my pen you're writing with? = Извини, но не моей ли ручкой ты пишешь?

а после глаголов

to appreciate => (высоко) ценить to dread => очень бояться

to fancy => представить (себе) to hate => ненавидеть

to imagine => представить (себе) to mind => возражать

to miss => скучать

to remember => помнить to recall => вспоминать to resent => обижаться

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to understand => понимать и др. местоимения

2) существительные в объектном падеже стоят перед Причастием I (образуя объектный причастный оборот), а местоимения / существительные в притяжательном падеже — перед герундием:

We appreciate them / their paying so much attention to that problem. => Мы высоко ценим то, что они уделяют столько внимания этой проблеме.

Everybody dreads Harry / Harry's taking over the business. => Все очень боятся,

что дело перейдет к Гарри.

Fancy / Imagine him / his singing! => Только представь себе — он поет!

Не hates anyone / anyone's disturbing him when he is working. => Ему очень не нравится, когда кто-нибудь беспокоит его во время работы.

Would you mind me/my offering you a cup of coffee? => Вы не будете возражать,

если я предложу Вам чашечку кофе?

She misses us / our playing cards in the evenings. => Теперь, когда мы больше не играем в карты по вечерам, она скучает без этого.

I don't remember the Browns / the Browns' having been to this restaurant before. =>

Я не помню, чтобы Брауны прежде бывали в этом ресторане.

Can you recall them / their meeting us at the airport? => Ты можешь вспомнить,

когда они встречали нас в аэропорту?

I think your sister resents me/my staying at yours. => Мне кажется, твоей сестре не нравится, что я остановился у вас.

Do you understand him / his taking the money? => Ты понимаешь, зачем он берет деньги?

3) Слова, просто заканчивающиеся -ing, не имеющее никакого грамматического значения:

interesting / wing / to cling и др.

Sources

1.http://www.study.ru

2.http://www.znatok.ua

3.http://www.ramnek.ru

Communication Guide

I.Introductions and greetings

Greetings are used to say hello in English. It's common to use different greetings depending on whether you greet a friend, family or a business associate. There are also greetings that are used with people you do not very well.

Once you have been introduced to someone, the next time you see that person it is important to greet them. We also greet people as we leave people. In English (as in all languages), there are different ways to greet people in formal and informal situations.

Formal Greetings: Arriving

Good morning / afternoon / evening.

Hello (name), how are you?

Good day Sir / Madam (very formal)

Informal Greetings: Arriving

Hi / Hello

How are you?

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What's up? (very informal)

How are you doing? (very informal)

It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't necessary need a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:

Very well, thank you. And you? (formal) Fine / Great (informal)

Formal Greetings: Departing

Good morning / afternoon / evening. It was a pleasure seeing you.

Introductions are the first phrases we say when we meet someone new. They are an important part of small talk - what we say when we meet people at parties. These phrases are different than the phrases we use when we greet friends. Read these phrases and practice them in these short conversations.

There are a number of phrases that are commonly used to introduce strangers. (name), I don't think you've met (name).

I don't think you know (name) May I introduce you to (name) (name), do you know (name)?

(name), I'd like you to meet (name)

When you meet someone the first time, it is common to greet the person with "How do you do?" the correct response is "How do you do." Here is a short introductory conversation: Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.

Peter: How do you do? Mary: How do you do. Ken: Mary works for ...

A variation is also "It's a pleasure to meet you." or "Pleased to meet you." Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.

Peter: It's a pleasure to meet you. Mary: How do you do.

Ken: Mary works for ...

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary. Peter: How do you do?

Mary: Pleased to meet you. Ken: Mary works for ...

In informal situations, especially in North America, introductions are also made simply saying: "This is (name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or "Hello" as a response in this informal setting.

Ken: Peter, this is Mary. Peter: How do you do? Mary: Pleased to meet you. Ken: Mary works for ...

It is also quite common to shake hands when you are introduced. After the initial introduction, hand shaking generally takes place in more formal, business situations. Otherwise, people just say "Hi."(from http://esl.about.com/od/beginnerpronunciation/a/intros.htm

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II. Expressing opinion

Personal Point of View

We use these words and phrases to express a personal point of view: In my experience…

As far as I'm concerned… Speaking for myself… In my opinion… Personally, I think…

I'd say that…

I'd suggest that…

I'd like to point out that… I believe that…

What I mean is…

General Point of View

We use these words and phrases to express a point of view that is generally thought by

people:

It is thought that...

Some people say that...

It is considered...

It is generally accepted that...

Agreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to agree with someone else's point of view: Of course.

You're absolutely right. Yes, I agree.

I think so too. That's a good point. Exactly.

I don't think so either. So do I.

I'd go along with that. That's true.

Neither do I.

I agree with you entirely. That's just what I was thinking. I couldn't agree more.

Disagreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to disagree with someone else's point of view: That's different.

I don't agree with you. However…

That's not entirely true. On the contrary…

I'm sorry to disagree with you, but… Yes, but don't you think…

That's not the same thing at all.

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I'm afraid I have to disagree. I'm not so sure about that.

I must take issue with you on that. It's unjustifiable to say that...

(from http://www.vocabulary.cl/Lists/Opinions.htm)

III. Explaining

Ways of explaining or clarifying

As - adverb, conjunction, preposition used for giving the reason for something

because - conjunction

used for introducing facts that explain why you believe that something is true

besides adverb, preposition

used when you are adding another stronger reason to support what you are saying

explain verb

used when you want someone to understand and forgive you

i.e. abbreviation

used when you are explaining exactly what you mean by something

inasmuch as conjunction

used for adding a comment that explains or makes clearer what you have just said inasmuch as conjunction

used for adding a comment that limits what you have just said

look at

used for giving an example that proves that what you are saying is true

precisely adverb

used for adding emphasis to a reason or explanation

since adverb, conjunction, preposition

used when explaining why someone does something or why a situation exists

that adverb, conjunction, determiner, pronoun

used when explaining why someone feels sad, angry, happy etc

witness verb

used before you give an example that proves what you have just said after all

used when giving a reason to explain what you have just said as a matter of fact

used when you are going to disagree with or correct what has just been said as if

used when you are describing something and you imagine an explanation for it that you know is not the real one

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as much as anything

used for saying that something is one of the main reasons for a situation, feeling etc at bottom

used when explaining the basic cause or nature of something being...

used for giving an explanation of something by extension

used for explaining that a particular person or thing is affected by something only because they are connected to what you have just mentioned

can’t begin to imagine/understand/explain etc

used for emphasizing that something is very difficult to imagine, understand etc due to unforeseen circumstances

used in official statements for explaining that something unexpected has happened that will prevent an event or situation from continuing normally

for example

used when mentioning something that shows the type of thing that you are talking about and helps to explain what you mean

for instance for example

for one reason or another

used for saying that there is more than one reason for something for one thing

used when mentioning one reason for something as an example, when there are several reasons

for one thing...(for another thing) used for giving a reason for something

for reasons of economy/safety/security etc used for showing why a particular thing is done for want of a better word/phrase/term

used for saying that you cannot think of a more exact way of describing or explaining what you mean

I mean (to say)

used for adding a comment or explaining what you have just said in case

used for explaining why you are doing something in other words

used for introducing another way of saying or explaining something, especially a more simple way

in that

used for introducing an explanation of what you have just said, showing in what way it is true in the first place

used for stating the most basic reason for something in the interest(s) of something

in order to preserve, develop, or achieve something it’s just that...

used when you are explaining your reaction to something it’s not that...it’s just that

used when you are explaining why you are doing something judging by/from something

used for giving the reason why you think something is true

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on this/that account

used when giving the reason for something pure and simple

used for saying that there is no additional explanation for something there it is/there you are/there you go

used when a situation is not satisfactory but there is nothing that you can do to make it better so to speak

used for showing that you have expressed something in an unusual way that is (to say)

used when explaining more clearly what you have just said that is (to say)

used when you are going to correct something that you have just said that is to say

used for explaining something that you have just said in a more exact way the thing is

used for introducing an answer, comment, or explanation related to something that was just mentioned

the whole point

used for emphasizing that something is the main reason for something else to put it another way

used when you are going to explain something in a different way in order to make it easier to understand

to put it in a nutshell

used when you are going to explain a long or complicated idea, story etc in a quick and simple way

to put it mildly

used for saying that the words you have chosen are not as extreme as they could have been to put it simply

used for saying that you are explaining something in a clear and simple way what with

used when you are giving a number of reasons for a particular situation or problem you see

used when you are explaining something

Writing guide

I. Linking words

Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas. 1) Giving examples

For example For instance Namely

The most common way of giving examples is by using for example or for instance. Namely refers to something by name.

"There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time."

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2)Adding information
In addition	Moreover
As well as	Apart from
Also	In addition to
Too	Besides
Furthermore	Moreover

Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and.

"We discussed training, education and the budget."

Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about marketing." You can use also with not only to give emphasis.

"We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition."

We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this…

As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. "As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition."

"We are interested in costs as well as the competition."

Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. "They were concerned too."

"I, too, was concerned."

Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to. "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer."

"Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer."

Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition."

3)Summarising
In short	In a nutshell
In brief	To conclude
In summary	In conclusion
To summarise	In a nutshell

We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written.

1) Sequencing ideas
The former, … the latter	Lastly
Firstly, secondly, finally	The following
The first point is	Lastly

The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points. "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term."

Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas.

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Because of Since

As

It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point and so on.

The following is a good way of starting a list.

"The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen."

2) Giving a reason

Due to / due to the fact that Owing to / owing to the fact that Because

Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun.

"Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%."

"Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks."

If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that.

"Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25."

"Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill all its orders."

Because / because of

Because of is followed by a noun.

"Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed."

Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, "Because it was raining, the match was postponed."

"We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive."

Since / as

Since and as mean because.

"Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

3) Giving a result
Therefore	This means that
So	As a result
Consequently	This means that

Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way.

"The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff."

So is more informal. 7) Contrasting ideas

But	In spite of / in spite of the fact	Whereas
	that
However	Nevertheless	Unlike
Although / even though	Nonetheless	In theory… in practice…
Despite / despite the fact that	While	Whereas

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But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence. "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much."

"He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much."

Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence.

"Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts."

Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that.

"Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees."

Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway.

"The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year."

While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other. "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown."

"Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down."

"Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol."

In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result.

"In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time."

Recommended for you. From http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/linking-words/

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