- •Введение
- •Theme 1 About myself and my future profession
- •Theme 2 Omsk State Medical Academy.
- •Theme 3 Health Service in Russia and in Great Britain
- •Theme 4 At the Polyclinic
- •Theme 5 The Human Body
- •Theme 6 Outstanding Foreign and Russian Doctors
- •Theme 7 Childhood diseases
- •Theme 8
- •Influenza and Other Infectious Diseases
- •Theme 9 Oral Health and Hygiene
- •Theme 10 Healthy Lifestyle
- •Theme 11 Outstanding Dentists
- •Theme 12 a Future Pharmacist
- •Theme 13 Medicinal Plants
- •Interesting facts.
- •Theme 14 At the Pharmacy
- •Theme 15
- •Vitamins
Theme 8
Influenza and Other Infectious Diseases
Infectious disease is understood in medicine as a process caused by microorganisms impairing a person’s health. An infection is the invasion of and replication in the body various microbial agents.
Influenza, more commonly known as flu, is a viral infection that's most common during the winter months and can cause fever, headache, cough, sore throat and muscle aches - as well as more dangerous complications. It occurs when people breathe in liquid droplets containing the influenza virus that has been sneezed or coughed into the air, or when people touch objects contaminated with the virus. Influenza viruses cause the flu and are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C. Most people who get the flu recover completely in one or two weeks, but some people develop serious and potentially life-threatening medical complications which can occur at any age.
Influenza is different from the common cold, in which the symptoms tend to come on gradually, usually affecting only the nose. Cold is characterized by a “running nose”, coughing, and sneezing. The illness may be accompanied by laryngitis or bronchitis, and may predispose to bacterial infections of the ear, particularly in children (“otitis media”). Cold weather does not “cause” colds but infected people do.
An influenza vaccine is not 100% effective and it must be re-administered every year to maximize protection. The best way to avoid flu or cold is to keep your immune system strong by eating a healthy diet, taking regular exercise, getting enough rest and relaxation and avoid smoking. If it is possible, you should stay away from people who are coughing and sneezing. Antibiotics are of no use in treating the flu. Anti-viral medication is usually prescribed by a GP for some people of risk groups. It is to be taken early to stop the virus multiplying, and may only reduce the symptoms rather than treating the infection.
Germs called viruses and bacteria can cause different diseases e.g. meningitis, scarlet fever and others. Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, is known as meningitis. While viral infection causes a relatively mild illness, bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening condition that demands immediate antibiotics treatment.
Scarlet fever, also called scarlatina, is an acute infectious disease caused by streptococcal bacteria. It is called so because of the red skin rash that accompanies it. A sore throat is the main characteristic of this disease. Scarlet fever can affect people of all ages, but it is most often seen in children. Before the antibiotics were invented, scarlet fever was an extremely serious, long lasting disease with many dangerous complications, and even death. Children with scarlet fever used to be immediately isolated and quarantined. Recovery is rapid and complete when antibiotics are administered promptly.
Rubella (German measles) is not usually considered as a serious illness in children or adults, but it can cause birth defects or the loss of a fetus if a mother becomes infected in the early stage of pregnancy. Rubella was distinguished from more serious infectious diseases in the early 19th century. The rubella virus was first isolated in 1962, and a vaccine became available in 1969.
Only in certain individuals natural immunity to infectious diseases may exist. An artificial immunity is known to result from prophylactic vaccination, which is carried out against a number of infectious diseases in our country.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
various microbial agents |
['vɛərɪəs][maɪ'krəubɪəl] 'eɪʤ(ə)nts] |
различные |
liquid droplets |
['lɪkwɪd]['drɔpləts] |
жидкие капельки |
common cold |
['kɔmən][kəuld] |
обычная простуда |
vaccine must be readministered |
['væksi:n][mʌst][bi:] [ֽrɪəd'mɪnɪstəd] |
вакцина должна назначаться неоднократно |
meninges |
[mə'ninʤəz] |
мягкие мозговые оболочки |
meningitis |
[ֽmenɪn'ʤaɪtɪs] |
менингит |
complication |
[ֽkɔmplɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] |
осложнение |
to cough and sneeze |
[kɔf][sni:z] |
кашлять и чихать |
invasion |
[ɪn'veɪʒ(ə)n] |
проникновение |
measles |
['mi:zlz] |
корь |
predispose |
[ֽpri:dɪ'spəuz] |
предрасполагать |
to be resistant |
[bi:][rɪ'zɪst(ə)nt] |
быть устойчивым |
scarlet fever |
['skɑːlət]['fi:və] |
скарлатина |
rubella |
[ru:'belə] |
краснуха |
to be isolated |
[bi:]['aɪsəleɪtɪd] |
быть выделенным (хим.) |
fetus |
['fi:təs] |
плод (гинеколог.) |
Task 2.Find the following words and word- combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian:
infectious diseases,
cause dangerous complications,
may be accompanied by,
the best way to avoid flu or cold
bacterial infection of the ear,
anti-viral medication
people of risk groups
inflammation of the meninges,
caused by streptococcal bacteria,
antibiotics are administered promptly
an artificial immunity
Task 3.Answer the questions:
What is understood as an infectious disease in medicine?
What agents can an infection be caused by?
What types of influenza can you name?
What complications can flu cause?
What is the best way to avoid getting cold or flu?
What germs cause meningitis?
Why scarlet fever was a very dangerous disease before the advent of antibiotics?
When was the rubella virus first isolated?
When did the rubella vaccine become available?
What methods help to prevent the spread of infectious diseases?
Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents:
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Task 5. Translate he given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English:
Respiratory infections stand as the third death cause.
Tuberculosis is still a life-threatening infectious disease in the world.
Flu-related complications can occur at any age. However, the elderly and people with chronic health problems are much more likely to develop serious complications.
Cold is characterized by a ‘’running nose”, coughing, and sneezing and may be accompanied by laryngitis or bronchitis.
The best way to avoid getting flu or cold is to keep your immune system strong eating a healthy diet and taking regular exercise.
Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord is known as meningitis.
Scarlet fever can affect people of all ages, but it is most often seen in children.
Children with scarlet fever used to be immediately isolated and quarantined.
Rubella (German measles) is a viral disease with a mild and benign activity in most people.
Symptoms of both viral and bacterial meningitis are the same: muscle pain,f ever, stiff neck, nausea and a headache.
Task6. Retell the text.