- •Isbn 5-94033-049-5 (Изд-во "Союз")
- •Часть 1 Стратегии и единицы перевода
- •Глава 1. Способы перевода Вводные сведения
- •Рекомендуемые правила для выбора способа перевода
- •Упражнения
- •I. Marks & Spencer
- •Глава 2. Единицы перевода и членение текста Вводные сведения
- •Рекомендуемые правила сегментации текста для перевода
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 3. Виды преобразования при переводе Вводные сведения
- •Вопросы для самопроверки
- •Тексты для анализа и перевода
- •Часть 2 Лексические приемы перевода глава 1. Переводческая транскрипция
- •Рекомендуемые правила переводческой транскрипции
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 2. Калькирование Вводные сведения
- •Правила калькирования
- •Упражнения
- •Глава з. Лексико-семантические модификации Вводные сведения
- •Правила применения лексикo-семантических трансформаций
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 4. Приемы перевода фразеологизмов
- •Правила перевода фразеологических единиц
- •Упражнения
- •Часть 3 Грамматические приемы перевода глава 1. Морфологические преобразования в условиях сходства форм Вводные сведения
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 2. Морфологические преобразования в условиях различия форм Вводные сведения
- •Рекомендуемые правила
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 3. Синтаксические преобразования на уровне словосочетаний Вводные сведения
- •Рекомендуемые правила преобразования словосочетаний в переводе
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 4. Синтаксические преобразования на уровне предложений Вводные сведения
- •Рекомендуемые правила преобразования предложений при переводе
- •Упражнения
- •Часть 4 Стилистические приемы перевода глава 1. Приемы перевода метафорических единиц
- •Рекомендуемые правила преобразования метафоры
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 2. Приемы перевода метонимии Вводные сведения
- •Рекомендуемые правила перевода метонимических единиц
- •Упражнения
- •Глава 3. Приемы передачи иронии в переводе Вводные сведения
- •Рекомендуемые правила перевода иронии
- •Упражнения
- •Приложение:
- •Для самостоятельного
- •Перевода
- •1. David copperfield
- •2. Mutiny at the pentagon
- •3. Do insects think?
- •4. Освоение сибири в XVII веке
- •5. Испытание "словом"
- •6. Сказка про емелю
- •7. The hedley kow
- •8. Menagerie manor
- •9. The british raj in india
- •10. The navaho
- •11. Botta finds nineveh
- •12. Троицкая церковь в нёноксе
- •Рекомендуемая литература
- •Казакова Тамара Анатольевна практические основы перевода
- •191023, Санкт-Петербург, а/я № 103.
- •191023, Санкт-Петербург, наб. Р. Фонтанки, 59.
9. The british raj in india
Images of the British raj in India are everywhere of late. On television returns, the divided rulers of Paul Scott's Jewel in the Crown sip their tea in scented hill stations and swap idle gossip in the palaces of local princes. We can savour all the hot intensities that blast a decorous English visitor the moment she steps ashore to be engulfed in a whirlwind of mendicants, elephants, snake charmers and crowds. The nine-hour production of an ancient Hindu epic poem, The Mahabharata, has lately been played to packed houses and considerable critical praise. Best-selling books like Freedom at Midnight re-create the struggle of two great cultures, mighty opposites with a twinned destiny, as they set about trying to disentangle themselves and their feelings before the Partition of 1947. Across the country, strolling visitors marvelled a few years ago at all the silken saris and bright turbans of the Festival of India and, even more, at the exotic world they evoke: the bejewelled splendour of the Mogul courts; dusty, teeming streets; and all the dilemmas confronting the imperial British as they sought to bring Western ideas of order to one of the wildest and most complex lands on Earth.
Behind all the glamour and the glory, however, lies one of history's mischievous ironies. For the raj, which did not begin until 1858 when the British government officially took over India from a private trading company, was in fact only the final act in a long, crooked and partly accidental drama. Much of the British empire, in fact, was acquired, according to a celebrated phrase, "in a fit of absence of mind."
When the London merchants of what became the East India Company first sent ships to the East in 1601, they were not bound for India at all but for the Spice Islands of the Dutch East Indies, and the English traders who set foot on the subcontinent a little later actually sought to avoid conquest. Directors back in London kept telling them that conquest would only cut into profits. 'All war is so contrary to our interest,' they reminded field employees in 1681, 'that we cannot too often inculcate to you our strictest aversion thereunto.'
But India was still part of the fading Mogul empire, which a century earlier had brought Muslim administrators and conquerors. Just to protect its ability to do business in a land already riddled with fierce animosities, the company found itself forced to defend trading posts with hired soldiers. Before long, the posts became cities (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras) and their soldier garrisons, small private armies. As assets and responsibilities mounted, the merchants, who had come out as supplicants bearing gifts to local princes for an inside track on trade, gradually became soldiers, and then became local rulers themselves.
By the time the company was disbanded in 1858, hardly more than a thousand British officers controlled India, an area the size of Europe in which 200 million people — about a quarter of them Muslim, but a majority Hindu — spoke more than 200 different languages. By then, the company had carried home such Indian terms as "bungalow", "verandah", "punch", "dungarees" and "pyjamas". They had also imported back to Britain many habits such as smoking cigars, playing polo and taking showers. Most of all, they had laid the foundation for, and forced the British government to get involved in, what was about to become the most ambitious, and the most anguished, empire in modern history.