- •М.Г. Иксанова English for Students of Programming
- •Введение
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it, define what programming is.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •Introduction to Computer Languages
- •2.Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Translate the following questions and answer them.
- •5. Express your opinion of Machine Language.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Discuss these questions with a partner. Then tell your ideas.
- •1. Read the text, translate it and try to understand what compiling programs are.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •Visual Basic
- •File Type Description
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Draw your conclusion of the text.
- •1. Match the Russian terms on the left with the English equivalents on the right.
- •3. Match the English terms on the left with the Russian ones on the right.
- •2.Complete the sentences with a proper word.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Virtual Pascal
- •Visual FoxPro
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •4. Tell your ideas of the following:
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it. A Brief History of the Java Language
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Draw your own conclusion of the text.
- •1. Read the text.
- •2. Look through the text and equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Try to answer the following questions.
- •5. Write a few words about the main idea of the text.
- •1. Translate the following text, try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the terms.
- •4. Translate the questions and answer them.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Try to answer the questions.
- •5. Try to define what a Database is.
- •1. Read the text, try to understand it.
- •Xml Basics
- •2.Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3.Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. After reading the text write down the disadvantages of html (from the author‘s point of view).
- •1. Match the Russian terms with the English ones.
- •2. Match the pairs of words.
- •3. Complete the sentences with a proper word.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •Unit 12
- •1.Read the text, try to express its main idea.
- •2. Look through the text and equivalents to the terms.
- •3. Match the terms on the left with the explanations on the right.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •1. Read the following text and try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Translate the questions and answer them.
- •5. Draw your conclusion of the text.
- •1. Read the text, try to define what cryptography is.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •1. Read the text and try to understand it.
- •2. Look through the text and find equivalents to the following terms.
- •3. Choose the definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Write the questions which could cover the content of the text.
- •5. Express your own point of view of the text.
- •1. Match the Russian terms on the left with the English ones on the right.
- •2. Match the English terms with the Russian ones.
- •3. Complete the text with proper words.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •Reading Comprehension Practice Programming languages
- •1. Programming languages
- •2. The authoring system Software
- •Correctness and robustness
- •1. What is e-Commerce?
- •Categories of e-Commerce
- •Advantages of e-Commerce
- •Disadvantages of e-Commerce
- •Building an e-Commerce Site
- •Implementing an e-Commerce Site
- •Calculating
- •Information Retrieval
- •Data-Base Management
- •Intended Viruses
- •Virus Construction Sets
- •Polymorphic Generators
- •Цели курса
- •Иксанова м.Г. Рабочая программа
2. Match the English terms with the Russian ones.
1. thesoleuse1. неиспользованные имена
2. themostcommonmethod2. дополнительные характеристики
3. additional characteristics 3. чтобы сохранить пространство
4. the degree of compression 4. процесс восстановления
5. for space to be saved 5. создатель
6. suppose6. самый общепринятый метод
7. unusednames7. основание
8. creator8. единственное использование
9. foundation 9. предположим
10. the process of retrieving 10. степень сжатия
3. Complete the text with proper words.
the code performed the computer stages errors
There are five … in programming. First, the computations to be performed must be clearly and precisely defined. Second, the actual coding is … . Third, some procedure is used to get … into the memory of the computer. Fourth, debugging the code, i.e. detecting and correcting any …, takes place. Fifth, running the code on the … and tabulating the results is performed.
4. Translate into English.
Первая категория методов сжатия действует наложением порций фиксированной длины входного файла на коды фиксированной длины. Количество битов на символ в выходном файле должно быть меньше, чем во входном. Теоретически типичная компьютерная система разрешает алфавит в 256 символов. Для некоторых же типов файлов, например, исходных текстов программ или внутриофисных документов, подойдет гораздо меньший алфавит. Тогда мы могли бы сжимать просто наложением меньших кодов фиксированной длины на единицы фиксированного размера выходного файла.
В большинстве текстов входные секции встречаются с разной частотой. Например, в английском “e” встречается чаще, чем “х”. Мы можем достигнуть большую степень сжатия, используя более короткие выходные коды для секций, встречающихся чаще, а более длинные коды для тех секций, которые встречаются менее часто.
PART II
Reading Comprehension Practice Programming languages
There are literally hundreds of high-level languages, each one having strengths and weaknesses for any particular application. The language COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), for example, was designed for business applications. It is very useful at handling large amounts of stored information and can be used to design complex forms and reports. FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) is one of the oldest high-level languages. FORTRAN makes complex calculations easy to perform but is not very good at manipulating records or formatting output reports. In the educational environment, the most popular languages for microcomputers are BASIC and PASCAL, while each mainframe system has its own specialized language.
All programming languages have advantages and disadvantages. All are very flexible; most things that you want done can be programmed. However, since they also require complete specification of every detail, programming languages can be difficult to use. Programming errors are common, and it often takes a great deal of time to write a completely functional and problem-free program.
Increasingly popular in education is a special type of high-level language: the authoring system. It differs from a programming language in that you can use it to create a program without using any programming commands. Most authoring systems have a similar format: as you use the system you are constantly prompted about what options are available. For instance, the system may first ask whether you wanted to enter information or questions. Depending on the option you choose, you are taken to a display where you enter either the information or the questions, just as you would on the typewriter. That is, the words you type and their position on the screen are the same as they would appear in the final program. No commands are necessary.
If the computer needs more information at any point, the system requests this through a series of simple questions. For example, the system may ask how many attempts you will allow when answering the question, what is the correct answer, whether other answers are acceptable, or what hints to give. The authoring system conducts a dialogue: it asks questions, and you respond. Your answers provide all the additional information the system needs to construct the final program. It takes what you have entered and, on its own, writes the program to produce the desired results.
Authoring systems, like PASS, represent major advances in the field, even though they often impose many constraints on the author. Compared to a programming language, most present-day authoring systems are not very flexible and force the program to conform to a relatively small number of alternatives. Not surprisingly, then, most programs developed on an authoring system look very much alike. However, because authoring systems are easy to use, require no knowledge of a programming language, and save time in producing a final product, we believe that authoring systems have an important future.
Read the text and discuss the following: